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2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Handle KVM bookkeeping in page-track APIs, not callersSean Christopherson1-6/+12
Get/put references to KVM when a page-track notifier is (un)registered instead of relying on the caller to do so. Forcing the caller to do the bookkeeping is unnecessary and adds one more thing for users to get wrong, e.g. see commit 9ed1fdee9ee3 ("drm/i915/gvt: Get reference to KVM iff attachment to VM is successful"). Reviewed-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-29-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Drop @slot param from exported/external page-track APIsSean Christopherson1-22/+63
Refactor KVM's exported/external page-track, a.k.a. write-track, APIs to take only the gfn and do the required memslot lookup in KVM proper. Forcing users of the APIs to get the memslot unnecessarily bleeds KVM internals into KVMGT and complicates usage of the APIs. No functional change intended. Reviewed-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-28-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Bug the VM if write-tracking is used but not enabledSean Christopherson1-2/+2
Bug the VM if something attempts to write-track a gfn, but write-tracking isn't enabled. The VM is doomed (and KVM has an egregious bug) if KVM or KVMGT wants to shadow guest page tables but can't because write-tracking isn't enabled. Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-27-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Assert that correct locks are held for page write-trackingSean Christopherson1-6/+11
When adding/removing gfns to/from write-tracking, assert that mmu_lock is held for write, and that either slots_lock or kvm->srcu is held. mmu_lock must be held for write to protect gfn_write_track's refcount, and SRCU or slots_lock must be held to protect the memslot itself. Tested-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-26-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Rename page-track APIs to reflect the new realitySean Christopherson1-11/+9
Rename the page-track APIs to capture that they're all about tracking writes, now that the facade of supporting multiple modes is gone. Opportunstically replace "slot" with "gfn" in anticipation of removing the @slot param from the external APIs. No functional change intended. Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-25-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Drop infrastructure for multiple page-track modesSean Christopherson1-75/+31
Drop "support" for multiple page-track modes, as there is no evidence that array-based and refcounted metadata is the optimal solution for other modes, nor is there any evidence that other use cases, e.g. for access-tracking, will be a good fit for the page-track machinery in general. E.g. one potential use case of access-tracking would be to prevent guest access to poisoned memory (from the guest's perspective). In that case, the number of poisoned pages is likely to be a very small percentage of the guest memory, and there is no need to reference count the number of access-tracking users, i.e. expanding gfn_track[] for a new mode would be grossly inefficient. And for poisoned memory, host userspace would also likely want to trap accesses, e.g. to inject #MC into the guest, and that isn't currently supported by the page-track framework. A better alternative for that poisoned page use case is likely a variation of the proposed per-gfn attributes overlay (linked), which would allow efficiently tracking the sparse set of poisoned pages, and by default would exit to userspace on access. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/Y2WB48kD0J4VGynX@google.com Cc: Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-24-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Use page-track notifiers iff there are external usersSean Christopherson1-5/+5
Disable the page-track notifier code at compile time if there are no external users, i.e. if CONFIG_KVM_EXTERNAL_WRITE_TRACKING=n. KVM itself now hooks emulated writes directly instead of relying on the page-track mechanism. Provide a stub for "struct kvm_page_track_notifier_node" so that including headers directly from the command line, e.g. for testing include guards, doesn't fail due to a struct having an incomplete type. Reviewed-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-23-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Move KVM-only page-track declarations to internal headerSean Christopherson1-7/+1
Bury the declaration of the page-track helpers that are intended only for internal KVM use in a "private" header. In addition to guarding against unwanted usage of the internal-only helpers, dropping their definitions avoids exposing other structures that should be KVM-internal, e.g. for memslots. This is a baby step toward making kvm_host.h a KVM-internal header in the very distant future. Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-22-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86: Remove the unused page-track hook track_flush_slot()Yan Zhao1-26/+0
Remove ->track_remove_slot(), there are no longer any users and it's unlikely a "flush" hook will ever be the correct API to provide to an external page-track user. Cc: Zhenyu Wang <zhenyuw@linux.intel.com> Suggested-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-21-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86: Add a new page-track hook to handle memslot deletionYan Zhao1-2/+25
Add a new page-track hook, track_remove_region(), that is called when a memslot DELETE operation is about to be committed. The "remove" hook will be used by KVMGT and will effectively replace the existing track_flush_slot() altogether now that KVM itself doesn't rely on the "flush" hook either. The "flush" hook is flawed as it's invoked before the memslot operation is guaranteed to succeed, i.e. KVM might ultimately keep the existing memslot without notifying external page track users, a.k.a. KVMGT. In practice, this can't currently happen on x86, but there are no guarantees that won't change in the future, not to mention that "flush" does a very poor job of describing what is happening. Pass in the gfn+nr_pages instead of the slot itself so external users, i.e. KVMGT, don't need to exposed to KVM internals (memslots). This will help set the stage for additional cleanups to the page-track APIs. Opportunistically align the existing srcu_read_lock_held() usage so that the new case doesn't stand out like a sore thumb (and not aligning the new code makes bots unhappy). Cc: Zhenyu Wang <zhenyuw@linux.intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Co-developed-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-19-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86: Reject memslot MOVE operations if KVMGT is attachedSean Christopherson1-0/+5
Disallow moving memslots if the VM has external page-track users, i.e. if KVMGT is being used to expose a virtual GPU to the guest, as KVMGT doesn't correctly handle moving memory regions. Note, this is potential ABI breakage! E.g. userspace could move regions that aren't shadowed by KVMGT without harming the guest. However, the only known user of KVMGT is QEMU, and QEMU doesn't move generic memory regions. KVM's own support for moving memory regions was also broken for multiple years (albeit for an edge case, but arguably moving RAM is itself an edge case), e.g. see commit edd4fa37baa6 ("KVM: x86: Allocate new rmap and large page tracking when moving memslot"). Reviewed-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-17-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: drm/i915/gvt: Drop @vcpu from KVM's ->track_write() hookSean Christopherson1-1/+1
Drop @vcpu from KVM's ->track_write() hook provided for external users of the page-track APIs now that KVM itself doesn't use the page-track mechanism. Reviewed-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Reviewed-by: Zhi Wang <zhi.a.wang@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-16-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Don't bounce through page-track mechanism for guest PTEsSean Christopherson1-0/+2
Don't use the generic page-track mechanism to handle writes to guest PTEs in KVM's MMU. KVM's MMU needs access to information that should not be exposed to external page-track users, e.g. KVM needs (for some definitions of "need") the vCPU to query the current paging mode, whereas external users, i.e. KVMGT, have no ties to the current vCPU and so should never need the vCPU. Moving away from the page-track mechanism will allow dropping use of the page-track mechanism for KVM's own MMU, and will also allow simplifying and cleaning up the page-track APIs. Reviewed-by: Yan Zhao <yan.y.zhao@intel.com> Tested-by: Yongwei Ma <yongwei.ma@intel.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729013535.1070024-15-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2023-08-31KVM: x86/mmu: Convert "runtime" WARN_ON() assertions to WARN_ON_ONCE()Sean Christopherson1-8/+8
Convert all "runtime" assertions, i.e. assertions that can be triggered while running vCPUs, from WARN_ON() to WARN_ON_ONCE(). Every WARN in the MMU that is tied to running vCPUs, i.e. not contained to loading and initializing KVM, is likely to fire _a lot_ when it does trigger. E.g. if KVM ends up with a bug that causes a root to be invalidated before the page fault handler is invoked, pretty much _every_ page fault VM-Exit triggers the WARN. If a WARN is triggered frequently, the resulting spam usually causes a lot of damage of its own, e.g. consumes resources to log the WARN and pollutes the kernel log, often to the point where other useful information can be lost. In many case, the damage caused by the spam is actually worse than the bug itself, e.g. KVM can almost always recover from an unexpectedly invalid root. On the flip side, warning every time is rarely helpful for debug and triage, i.e. a single splat is usually sufficient to point a debugger in the right direction, and automated testing, e.g. syzkaller, typically runs with warn_on_panic=1, i.e. will never get past the first WARN anyways. Lastly, when an assertions fails multiple times, the stack traces in KVM are almost always identical, i.e. the full splat only needs to be captured once. And _if_ there is value in captruing information about the failed assert, a ratelimited printk() is sufficient and less likely to rack up a large amount of collateral damage. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230729004722.1056172-8-seanjc@google.com Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2022-12-29KVM: x86: Unify pr_fmt to use module name for all KVM modulesSean Christopherson1-0/+1
Define pr_fmt using KBUILD_MODNAME for all KVM x86 code so that printks use consistent formatting across common x86, Intel, and AMD code. In addition to providing consistent print formatting, using KBUILD_MODNAME, e.g. kvm_amd and kvm_intel, allows referencing SVM and VMX (and SEV and SGX and ...) as technologies without generating weird messages, and without causing naming conflicts with other kernel code, e.g. "SEV: ", "tdx: ", "sgx: " etc.. are all used by the kernel for non-KVM subsystems. Opportunistically move away from printk() for prints that need to be modified anyways, e.g. to drop a manual "kvm: " prefix. Opportunistically convert a few SGX WARNs that are similarly modified to WARN_ONCE; in the very unlikely event that the WARNs fire, odds are good that they would fire repeatedly and spam the kernel log without providing unique information in each print. Note, defining pr_fmt yields undesirable results for code that uses KVM's printk wrappers, e.g. vcpu_unimpl(). But, that's a pre-existing problem as SVM/kvm_amd already defines a pr_fmt, and thankfully use of KVM's wrappers is relatively limited in KVM x86 code. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Reviewed-by: Paul Durrant <paul@xen.org> Message-Id: <20221130230934.1014142-35-seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2022-03-08KVM: use __vcalloc for very large allocationsPaolo Bonzini1-3/+4
Allocations whose size is related to the memslot size can be arbitrarily large. Do not use kvzalloc/kvcalloc, as those are limited to "not crazy" sizes that fit in 32 bits. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: 7661809d493b ("mm: don't allow oversized kvmalloc() calls") Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-12-08KVM: x86/mmu: Propagate memslot const qualifierBen Gardon1-2/+2
In preparation for implementing in-place hugepage promotion, various functions will need to be called from zap_collapsible_spte_range, which has the const qualifier on its memslot argument. Propagate the const qualifier to the various functions which will be needed. This just serves to simplify the following patch. No functional change intended. Signed-off-by: Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com> Message-Id: <20211115234603.2908381-11-bgardon@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-12-08KVM: x86/mmu: Remove need for a vcpu from kvm_slot_page_track_is_activeBen Gardon1-2/+2
kvm_slot_page_track_is_active only uses its vCPU argument to get a pointer to the assoicated struct kvm, so just pass in the struct KVM to remove the need for a vCPU pointer. No functional change intended. Signed-off-by: Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com> Message-Id: <20211115234603.2908381-6-bgardon@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-10-22KVM: cleanup allocation of rmaps and page tracking dataDavid Stevens1-42/+15
Unify the flags for rmaps and page tracking data, using a single flag in struct kvm_arch and a single loop to go over all the address spaces and memslots. This avoids code duplication between alloc_all_memslots_rmaps and kvm_page_track_enable_mmu_write_tracking. Signed-off-by: David Stevens <stevensd@chromium.org> [This patch is the delta between David's v2 and v3, with conflicts fixed and my own commit message. - Paolo] Co-developed-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-10-01KVM: x86: only allocate gfn_track when necessaryDavid Stevens1-3/+69
Avoid allocating the gfn_track arrays if nothing needs them. If there are no external to KVM users of the API (i.e. no GVT-g), then page tracking is only needed for shadow page tables. This means that when tdp is enabled and there are no external users, then the gfn_track arrays can be lazily allocated when the shadow MMU is actually used. This avoid allocations equal to .05% of guest memory when nested virtualization is not used, if the kernel is compiled without GVT-g. Signed-off-by: David Stevens <stevensd@chromium.org> Message-Id: <20210922045859.2011227-3-stevensd@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-10-01KVM: x86/mmu: Avoid memslot lookup in make_spte and mmu_try_to_unsync_pagesDavid Matlack1-11/+3
mmu_try_to_unsync_pages checks if page tracking is active for the given gfn, which requires knowing the memslot. We can pass down the memslot via make_spte to avoid this lookup. The memslot is also handy for make_spte's marking of the gfn as dirty: we can test whether dirty page tracking is enabled, and if so ensure that pages are mapped as writable with 4K granularity. Apart from the warning, no functional change is intended. Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Message-Id: <20210813203504.2742757-7-dmatlack@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-10-01KVM: x86/mmu: Avoid memslot lookup in page_fault_handle_page_trackDavid Matlack1-7/+13
Now that kvm_page_fault has a pointer to the memslot it can be passed down to the page tracking code to avoid a redundant slot lookup. No functional change intended. Signed-off-by: David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com> Message-Id: <20210813203504.2742757-5-dmatlack@google.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-09-22KVM: x86: Handle SRCU initialization failure during page track initHaimin Zhang1-2/+2
Check the return of init_srcu_struct(), which can fail due to OOM, when initializing the page track mechanism. Lack of checking leads to a NULL pointer deref found by a modified syzkaller. Reported-by: TCS Robot <tcs_robot@tencent.com> Signed-off-by: Haimin Zhang <tcs_kernel@tencent.com> Message-Id: <1630636626-12262-1-git-send-email-tcs_kernel@tencent.com> [Move the call towards the beginning of kvm_arch_init_vm. - Paolo] Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-08-20KVM: X86: Introduce kvm_mmu_slot_lpages() helpersPeter Xu1-0/+1
Introduce kvm_mmu_slot_lpages() to calculcate lpage_info and rmap array size. The other __kvm_mmu_slot_lpages() can take an extra parameter of npages rather than fetching from the memslot pointer. Start to use the latter one in kvm_alloc_memslot_metadata(). Signed-off-by: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com> Message-Id: <20210730220455.26054-4-peterx@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-06-17KVM: x86: Support write protecting only large pagesKeqian Zhu1-1/+1
Prepare for write protecting large page lazily during dirty log tracking, for which we will only need to write protect gfns at large page granularity. No functional or performance change expected. Signed-off-by: Keqian Zhu <zhukeqian1@huawei.com> Message-Id: <20210429034115.35560-2-zhukeqian1@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2021-02-04KVM: x86/mmu: Use an rwlock for the x86 MMUBen Gardon1-4/+4
Add a read / write lock to be used in place of the MMU spinlock on x86. The rwlock will enable the TDP MMU to handle page faults, and other operations in parallel in future commits. Reviewed-by: Peter Feiner <pfeiner@google.com> Signed-off-by: Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com> Message-Id: <20210202185734.1680553-19-bgardon@google.com> [Introduce virt/kvm/mmu_lock.h - Paolo] Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2020-08-25kvm: mmu: page_track: Fix RCU list API usageMadhuparna Bhowmik1-2/+4
Use hlist_for_each_entry_srcu() instead of hlist_for_each_entry_rcu() as it also checkes if the right lock is held. Using hlist_for_each_entry_rcu() with a condition argument will not report the cases where a SRCU protected list is traversed using rcu_read_lock(). Hence, use hlist_for_each_entry_srcu(). Signed-off-by: Madhuparna Bhowmik <madhuparnabhowmik10@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org> Acked-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com> Cc: <kvm@vger.kernel.org>
2020-07-08KVM: x86/mmu: Add MMU-internal headerSean Christopherson1-1/+1
Add mmu/mmu_internal.h to hold declarations and definitions that need to be shared between various mmu/ files, but should not be used by anything outside of the MMU. Begin populating mmu_internal.h with declarations of the helpers used by page_track.c. Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <sean.j.christopherson@intel.com> Message-Id: <20200622202034.15093-4-sean.j.christopherson@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2020-05-15KVM: x86/mmu: Drop KVM's hugepage enums in favor of the kernel's enumsSean Christopherson1-2/+2
Replace KVM's PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL, PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL and PT_PDPE_LEVEL with the kernel's PG_LEVEL_4K, PG_LEVEL_2M and PG_LEVEL_1G. KVM's enums are borderline impossible to remember and result in code that is visually difficult to audit, e.g. if (!enable_ept) ept_lpage_level = 0; else if (cpu_has_vmx_ept_1g_page()) ept_lpage_level = PT_PDPE_LEVEL; else if (cpu_has_vmx_ept_2m_page()) ept_lpage_level = PT_DIRECTORY_LEVEL; else ept_lpage_level = PT_PAGE_TABLE_LEVEL; versus if (!enable_ept) ept_lpage_level = 0; else if (cpu_has_vmx_ept_1g_page()) ept_lpage_level = PG_LEVEL_1G; else if (cpu_has_vmx_ept_2m_page()) ept_lpage_level = PG_LEVEL_2M; else ept_lpage_level = PG_LEVEL_4K; No functional change intended. Suggested-by: Barret Rhoden <brho@google.com> Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <sean.j.christopherson@intel.com> Message-Id: <20200428005422.4235-4-sean.j.christopherson@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2020-03-16KVM: Remove unnecessary asm/kvm_host.h includesPeter Xu1-1/+0
Remove includes of asm/kvm_host.h from files that already include linux/kvm_host.h to make it more obvious that there is no ordering issue between the two headers. linux/kvm_host.h includes asm/kvm_host.h to pick up architecture specific settings, and this will never change, i.e. including asm/kvm_host.h after linux/kvm_host.h may seem problematic, but in practice is simply redundant. Signed-off-by: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2020-03-16KVM: Simplify kvm_free_memslot() and all its descendentsSean Christopherson1-9/+6
Now that all callers of kvm_free_memslot() pass NULL for @dont, remove the param from the top-level routine and all arch's implementations. No functional change intended. Tested-by: Christoffer Dall <christoffer.dall@arm.com> Reviewed-by: Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <sean.j.christopherson@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
2019-11-21KVM: x86: create mmu/ subdirectoryPaolo Bonzini1-0/+265
Preparatory work for shattering mmu.c into multiple files. Besides making it easier to follow, this will also make it possible to write unit tests for various parts. Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>