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2014-08-07mm, writeback: prevent race when calculating dirty limitsDavid Rientjes1-4/+1
Setting vm_dirty_bytes and dirty_background_bytes is not protected by any serialization. Therefore, it's possible for either variable to change value after the test in global_dirty_limits() to determine whether available_memory needs to be initialized or not. Always ensure that available_memory is properly initialized. Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-07-31mm/page-writeback.c: fix divide by zero in bdi_dirty_limits()Maxim Patlasov1-3/+3
Under memory pressure, it is possible for dirty_thresh, calculated by global_dirty_limits() in balance_dirty_pages(), to equal zero. Then, if strictlimit is true, bdi_dirty_limits() tries to resolve the proportion: bdi_bg_thresh : bdi_thresh = background_thresh : dirty_thresh by dividing by zero. Signed-off-by: Maxim Patlasov <mpatlasov@parallels.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-09Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-5/+6
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4 Pull ext4 updates from Ted Ts'o: "Clean ups and miscellaneous bug fixes, in particular for the new collapse_range and zero_range fallocate functions. In addition, improve the scalability of adding and remove inodes from the orphan list" * tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (25 commits) ext4: handle symlink properly with inline_data ext4: fix wrong assert in ext4_mb_normalize_request() ext4: fix zeroing of page during writeback ext4: remove unused local variable "stored" from ext4_readdir(...) ext4: fix ZERO_RANGE test failure in data journalling ext4: reduce contention on s_orphan_lock ext4: use sbi in ext4_orphan_{add|del}() ext4: use EXT_MAX_BLOCKS in ext4_es_can_be_merged() ext4: add missing BUFFER_TRACE before ext4_journal_get_write_access ext4: remove unnecessary double parentheses ext4: do not destroy ext4_groupinfo_caches if ext4_mb_init() fails ext4: make local functions static ext4: fix block bitmap validation when bigalloc, ^flex_bg ext4: fix block bitmap initialization under sparse_super2 ext4: find the group descriptors on a 1k-block bigalloc,meta_bg filesystem ext4: avoid unneeded lookup when xattr name is invalid ext4: fix data integrity sync in ordered mode ext4: remove obsoleted check ext4: add a new spinlock i_raw_lock to protect the ext4's raw inode ext4: fix locking for O_APPEND writes ...
2014-06-07mm: convert use of typedef ctl_table to struct ctl_tableJoe Perches1-1/+1
This typedef is unnecessary and should just be removed. Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-05mm/page-writeback.c: remove outdated commentJianyu Zhan1-18/+0
There is an orphaned prehistoric comment , which used to be against get_dirty_limits(), the dawn of global_dirtyable_memory(). Back then, the implementation of get_dirty_limits() is complicated and full of magic numbers, so this comment is necessary. But we now use the clear and neat global_dirtyable_memory(), which renders this comment ambiguous and useless. Remove it. Signed-off-by: Jianyu Zhan <nasa4836@gmail.com> Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-05mm: replace __get_cpu_var uses with this_cpu_ptrChristoph Lameter1-2/+2
Replace places where __get_cpu_var() is used for an address calculation with this_cpu_ptr(). Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-05-12ext4: fix data integrity sync in ordered modeNamjae Jeon1-5/+6
When we perform a data integrity sync we tag all the dirty pages with PAGECACHE_TAG_TOWRITE at start of ext4_da_writepages. Later we check for this tag in write_cache_pages_da and creates a struct mpage_da_data containing contiguously indexed pages tagged with this tag and sync these pages with a call to mpage_da_map_and_submit. This process is done in while loop until all the PAGECACHE_TAG_TOWRITE pages are synced. We also do journal start and stop in each iteration. journal_stop could initiate journal commit which would call ext4_writepage which in turn will call ext4_bio_write_page even for delayed OR unwritten buffers. When ext4_bio_write_page is called for such buffers, even though it does not sync them but it clears the PAGECACHE_TAG_TOWRITE of the corresponding page and hence these pages are also not synced by the currently running data integrity sync. We will end up with dirty pages although sync is completed. This could cause a potential data loss when the sync call is followed by a truncate_pagecache call, which is exactly the case in collapse_range. (It will cause generic/127 failure in xfstests) To avoid this issue, we can use set_page_writeback_keepwrite instead of set_page_writeback, which doesn't clear TOWRITE tag. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <namjae.jeon@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Ashish Sangwan <a.sangwan@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
2014-05-07mm/page-writeback.c: fix divide by zero in pos_ratio_polynomRik van Riel1-3/+3
It is possible for "limit - setpoint + 1" to equal zero, after getting truncated to a 32 bit variable, and resulting in a divide by zero error. Using the fully 64 bit divide functions avoids this problem. It also will cause pos_ratio_polynom() to return the correct value when (setpoint - limit) exceeds 2^32. Also uninline pos_ratio_polynom, at Andrew's request. Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com> Cc: Masayoshi Mizuma <m.mizuma@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-04-08mm: remove unused arg of set_page_dirty_balance()Miklos Szeredi1-2/+2
There's only one caller of set_page_dirty_balance() and that will call it with page_mkwrite == 0. The page_mkwrite argument was unused since commit b827e496c893 "mm: close page_mkwrite races". Signed-off-by: Miklos Szeredi <mszeredi@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-02-07mm: __set_page_dirty_nobuffers() uses spin_lock_irqsave() instead of ↵KOSAKI Motohiro1-2/+3
spin_lock_irq() During aio stress test, we observed the following lockdep warning. This mean AIO+numa_balancing is currently deadlockable. The problem is, aio_migratepage disable interrupt, but __set_page_dirty_nobuffers unintentionally enable it again. Generally, all helper function should use spin_lock_irqsave() instead of spin_lock_irq() because they don't know caller at all. other info that might help us debug this: Possible unsafe locking scenario: CPU0 ---- lock(&(&ctx->completion_lock)->rlock); <Interrupt> lock(&(&ctx->completion_lock)->rlock); *** DEADLOCK *** dump_stack+0x19/0x1b print_usage_bug+0x1f7/0x208 mark_lock+0x21d/0x2a0 mark_held_locks+0xb9/0x140 trace_hardirqs_on_caller+0x105/0x1d0 trace_hardirqs_on+0xd/0x10 _raw_spin_unlock_irq+0x2c/0x50 __set_page_dirty_nobuffers+0x8c/0xf0 migrate_page_copy+0x434/0x540 aio_migratepage+0xb1/0x140 move_to_new_page+0x7d/0x230 migrate_pages+0x5e5/0x700 migrate_misplaced_page+0xbc/0xf0 do_numa_page+0x102/0x190 handle_pte_fault+0x241/0x970 handle_mm_fault+0x265/0x370 __do_page_fault+0x172/0x5a0 do_page_fault+0x1a/0x70 page_fault+0x28/0x30 Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com> Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-30mm/page-writeback.c: do not count anon pages as dirtyable memoryJohannes Weiner1-2/+4
The VM is currently heavily tuned to avoid swapping. Whether that is good or bad is a separate discussion, but as long as the VM won't swap to make room for dirty cache, we can not consider anonymous pages when calculating the amount of dirtyable memory, the baseline to which dirty_background_ratio and dirty_ratio are applied. A simple workload that occupies a significant size (40+%, depending on memory layout, storage speeds etc.) of memory with anon/tmpfs pages and uses the remainder for a streaming writer demonstrates this problem. In that case, the actual cache pages are a small fraction of what is considered dirtyable overall, which results in an relatively large portion of the cache pages to be dirtied. As kswapd starts rotating these, random tasks enter direct reclaim and stall on IO. Only consider free pages and file pages dirtyable. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Reported-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Tested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-30mm/page-writeback.c: fix dirty_balance_reserve subtraction from dirtyable memoryJohannes Weiner1-31/+24
Tejun reported stuttering and latency spikes on a system where random tasks would enter direct reclaim and get stuck on dirty pages. Around 50% of memory was occupied by tmpfs backed by an SSD, and another disk (rotating) was reading and writing at max speed to shrink a partition. : The problem was pretty ridiculous. It's a 8gig machine w/ one ssd and 10k : rpm harddrive and I could reliably reproduce constant stuttering every : several seconds for as long as buffered IO was going on on the hard drive : either with tmpfs occupying somewhere above 4gig or a test program which : allocates about the same amount of anon memory. Although swap usage was : zero, turning off swap also made the problem go away too. : : The trigger conditions seem quite plausible - high anon memory usage w/ : heavy buffered IO and swap configured - and it's highly likely that this : is happening in the wild too. (this can happen with copying large files : to usb sticks too, right?) This patch (of 2): The dirty_balance_reserve is an approximation of the fraction of free pages that the page allocator does not make available for page cache allocations. As a result, it has to be taken into account when calculating the amount of "dirtyable memory", the baseline to which dirty_background_ratio and dirty_ratio are applied. However, currently the reserve is subtracted from the sum of free and reclaimable pages, which is non-sensical and leads to erroneous results when the system is dominated by unreclaimable pages and the dirty_balance_reserve is bigger than free+reclaimable. In that case, at least the already allocated cache should be considered dirtyable. Fix the calculation by subtracting the reserve from the amount of free pages, then adding the reclaimable pages on top. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_HIGHMEM build] Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Reported-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Tested-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-10-17writeback: fix negative bdi max pauseFengguang Wu1-5/+5
Toralf runs trinity on UML/i386. After some time it hangs and the last message line is BUG: soft lockup - CPU#0 stuck for 22s! [trinity-child0:1521] It's found that pages_dirtied becomes very large. More than 1000000000 pages in this case: period = HZ * pages_dirtied / task_ratelimit; BUG_ON(pages_dirtied > 2000000000); BUG_ON(pages_dirtied > 1000000000); <--------- UML debug printf shows that we got negative pause here: ick: pause : -984 ick: pages_dirtied : 0 ick: task_ratelimit: 0 pause: + if (pause < 0) { + extern int printf(char *, ...); + printf("ick : pause : %li\n", pause); + printf("ick: pages_dirtied : %lu\n", pages_dirtied); + printf("ick: task_ratelimit: %lu\n", task_ratelimit); + BUG_ON(1); + } trace_balance_dirty_pages(bdi, Since pause is bounded by [min_pause, max_pause] where min_pause is also bounded by max_pause. It's suspected and demonstrated that the max_pause calculation goes wrong: ick: pause : -717 ick: min_pause : -177 ick: max_pause : -717 ick: pages_dirtied : 14 ick: task_ratelimit: 0 The problem lies in the two "long = unsigned long" assignments in bdi_max_pause() which might go negative if the highest bit is 1, and the min_t(long, ...) check failed to protect it falling under 0. Fix all of them by using "unsigned long" throughout the function. Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Reported-by: Toralf Förster <toralf.foerster@gmx.de> Tested-by: Toralf Förster <toralf.foerster@gmx.de> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Richard Weinberger <richard@nod.at> Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-09-13memcg: add per cgroup writeback pages accountingSha Zhengju1-0/+15
Add memcg routines to count writeback pages, later dirty pages will also be accounted. After Kame's commit 89c06bd52fb9 ("memcg: use new logic for page stat accounting"), we can use 'struct page' flag to test page state instead of per page_cgroup flag. But memcg has a feature to move a page from a cgroup to another one and may have race between "move" and "page stat accounting". So in order to avoid the race we have designed a new lock: mem_cgroup_begin_update_page_stat() modify page information -->(a) mem_cgroup_update_page_stat() -->(b) mem_cgroup_end_update_page_stat() It requires both (a) and (b)(writeback pages accounting) to be pretected in mem_cgroup_{begin/end}_update_page_stat(). It's full no-op for !CONFIG_MEMCG, almost no-op if memcg is disabled (but compiled in), rcu read lock in the most cases (no task is moving), and spin_lock_irqsave on top in the slow path. There're two writeback interfaces to modify: test_{clear/set}_page_writeback(). And the lock order is: --> memcg->move_lock --> mapping->tree_lock Signed-off-by: Sha Zhengju <handai.szj@taobao.com> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com> Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-09-12mm/page-writeback.c: add strictlimit featureMaxim Patlasov1-61/+202
The feature prevents mistrusted filesystems (ie: FUSE mounts created by unprivileged users) to grow a large number of dirty pages before throttling. For such filesystems balance_dirty_pages always check bdi counters against bdi limits. I.e. even if global "nr_dirty" is under "freerun", it's not allowed to skip bdi checks. The only use case for now is fuse: it sets bdi max_ratio to 1% by default and system administrators are supposed to expect that this limit won't be exceeded. The feature is on if a BDI is marked by BDI_CAP_STRICTLIMIT flag. A filesystem may set the flag when it initializes its BDI. The problematic scenario comes from the fact that nobody pays attention to the NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP counter (i.e. number of pages under fuse writeback). The implementation of fuse writeback releases original page (by calling end_page_writeback) almost immediately. A fuse request queued for real processing bears a copy of original page. Hence, if userspace fuse daemon doesn't finalize write requests in timely manner, an aggressive mmap writer can pollute virtually all memory by those temporary fuse page copies. They are carefully accounted in NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP, but nobody cares. To make further explanations shorter, let me use "NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP problem" as a shortcut for "a possibility of uncontrolled grow of amount of RAM consumed by temporary pages allocated by kernel fuse to process writeback". The problem was very easy to reproduce. There is a trivial example filesystem implementation in fuse userspace distribution: fusexmp_fh.c. I added "sleep(1);" to the write methods, then recompiled and mounted it. Then created a huge file on the mount point and run a simple program which mmap-ed the file to a memory region, then wrote a data to the region. An hour later I observed almost all RAM consumed by fuse writeback. Since then some unrelated changes in kernel fuse made it more difficult to reproduce, but it is still possible now. Putting this theoretical happens-in-the-lab thing aside, there is another thing that really hurts real world (FUSE) users. This is write-through page cache policy FUSE currently uses. I.e. handling write(2), kernel fuse populates page cache and flushes user data to the server synchronously. This is excessively suboptimal. Pavel Emelyanov's patches ("writeback cache policy") solve the problem, but they also make resolving NR_WRITEBACK_TEMP problem absolutely necessary. Otherwise, simply copying a huge file to a fuse mount would result in memory starvation. Miklos, the maintainer of FUSE, believes strictlimit feature the way to go. And eventually putting FUSE topics aside, there is one more use-case for strictlimit feature. Using a slow USB stick (mass storage) in a machine with huge amount of RAM installed is a well-known pain. Let's make simple computations. Assuming 64GB of RAM installed, existing implementation of balance_dirty_pages will start throttling only after 9.6GB of RAM becomes dirty (freerun == 15% of total RAM). So, the command "cp 9GB_file /media/my-usb-storage/" may return in a few seconds, but subsequent "umount /media/my-usb-storage/" will take more than two hours if effective throughput of the storage is, to say, 1MB/sec. After inclusion of strictlimit feature, it will be trivial to add a knob (e.g. /sys/devices/virtual/bdi/x:y/strictlimit) to enable it on demand. Manually or via udev rule. May be I'm wrong, but it seems to be quite a natural desire to limit the amount of dirty memory for some devices we are not fully trust (in the sense of sustainable throughput). [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix warning in page-writeback.c] Signed-off-by: Maxim Patlasov <MPatlasov@parallels.com> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Miklos Szeredi <miklos@szeredi.hu> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Cc: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com> Cc: James Bottomley <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-09-12mm: vmscan: fix do_try_to_free_pages() livelockLisa Du1-0/+3
This patch is based on KOSAKI's work and I add a little more description, please refer https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/14/74. Currently, I found system can enter a state that there are lots of free pages in a zone but only order-0 and order-1 pages which means the zone is heavily fragmented, then high order allocation could make direct reclaim path's long stall(ex, 60 seconds) especially in no swap and no compaciton enviroment. This problem happened on v3.4, but it seems issue still lives in current tree, the reason is do_try_to_free_pages enter live lock: kswapd will go to sleep if the zones have been fully scanned and are still not balanced. As kswapd thinks there's little point trying all over again to avoid infinite loop. Instead it changes order from high-order to 0-order because kswapd think order-0 is the most important. Look at 73ce02e9 in detail. If watermarks are ok, kswapd will go back to sleep and may leave zone->all_unreclaimable =3D 0. It assume high-order users can still perform direct reclaim if they wish. Direct reclaim continue to reclaim for a high order which is not a COSTLY_ORDER without oom-killer until kswapd turn on zone->all_unreclaimble= . This is because to avoid too early oom-kill. So it means direct_reclaim depends on kswapd to break this loop. In worst case, direct-reclaim may continue to page reclaim forever when kswapd sleeps forever until someone like watchdog detect and finally kill the process. As described in: http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.mm/103737 We can't turn on zone->all_unreclaimable from direct reclaim path because direct reclaim path don't take any lock and this way is racy. Thus this patch removes zone->all_unreclaimable field completely and recalculates zone reclaimable state every time. Note: we can't take the idea that direct-reclaim see zone->pages_scanned directly and kswapd continue to use zone->all_unreclaimable. Because, it is racy. commit 929bea7c71 (vmscan: all_unreclaimable() use zone->all_unreclaimable as a name) describes the detail. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: uninline zone_reclaimable_pages() and zone_reclaimable()] Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com> Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com> Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com> Cc: Neil Zhang <zhangwm@marvell.com> Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@arm.linux.org.uk> Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Lisa Du <cldu@marvell.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-09-12mm: revert "page-writeback.c: subtract min_free_kbytes from dirtyable memory"Johannes Weiner1-3/+0
This reverts commit 75f7ad8e043d. It was the result of a problem observed with a 3.2 kernel and merged in 3.9, while the issue had been resolved upstream in 3.3 (commit ab8fabd46f81: "mm: exclude reserved pages from dirtyable memory"). The "reserved pages" are a superset of min_free_kbytes, thus this change is redundant and confusing. Revert it. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Paul Szabo <psz@maths.usyd.edu.au> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-07-15kernel: delete __cpuinit usage from all core kernel filesPaul Gortmaker1-2/+2
The __cpuinit type of throwaway sections might have made sense some time ago when RAM was more constrained, but now the savings do not offset the cost and complications. For example, the fix in commit 5e427ec2d0 ("x86: Fix bit corruption at CPU resume time") is a good example of the nasty type of bugs that can be created with improper use of the various __init prefixes. After a discussion on LKML[1] it was decided that cpuinit should go the way of devinit and be phased out. Once all the users are gone, we can then finally remove the macros themselves from linux/init.h. This removes all the uses of the __cpuinit macros from C files in the core kernel directories (kernel, init, lib, mm, and include) that don't really have a specific maintainer. [1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/5/20/589 Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
2013-04-30mm: make snapshotting pages for stable writes a per-bio operationDarrick J. Wong1-4/+0
Walking a bio's page mappings has proved problematic, so create a new bio flag to indicate that a bio's data needs to be snapshotted in order to guarantee stable pages during writeback. Next, for the one user (ext3/jbd) of snapshotting, hook all the places where writes can be initiated without PG_writeback set, and set BIO_SNAP_STABLE there. We must also flag journal "metadata" bios for stable writeout, since file data can be written through the journal. Finally, the MS_SNAP_STABLE mount flag (only used by ext3) is now superfluous, so get rid of it. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: rename _submit_bh()'s `flags' to `bio_flags', delobotomize the _submit_bh declaration] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: teeny cleanup] Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com> Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net> Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com> Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind1@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-03-01Merge tag 'writeback-fixes' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-1/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/wfg/linux Pull writeback fixes from Wu Fengguang: "Two writeback fixes - fix negative (setpoint - dirty) in 32bit archs - use down_read_trylock() in writeback_inodes_sb(_nr)_if_idle()" * tag 'writeback-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/wfg/linux: Negative (setpoint-dirty) in bdi_position_ratio() vfs: re-implement writeback_inodes_sb(_nr)_if_idle() and rename them
2013-03-01Merge branch 'for-3.9/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-blockLinus Torvalds1-0/+2
Pull block IO core bits from Jens Axboe: "Below are the core block IO bits for 3.9. It was delayed a few days since my workstation kept crashing every 2-8h after pulling it into current -git, but turns out it is a bug in the new pstate code (divide by zero, will report separately). In any case, it contains: - The big cfq/blkcg update from Tejun and and Vivek. - Additional block and writeback tracepoints from Tejun. - Improvement of the should sort (based on queues) logic in the plug flushing. - _io() variants of the wait_for_completion() interface, using io_schedule() instead of schedule() to contribute to io wait properly. - Various little fixes. You'll get two trivial merge conflicts, which should be easy enough to fix up" Fix up the trivial conflicts due to hlist traversal cleanups (commit b67bfe0d42ca: "hlist: drop the node parameter from iterators"). * 'for-3.9/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-block: (39 commits) block: remove redundant check to bd_openers() block: use i_size_write() in bd_set_size() cfq: fix lock imbalance with failed allocations drivers/block/swim3.c: fix null pointer dereference block: don't select PERCPU_RWSEM block: account iowait time when waiting for completion of IO request sched: add wait_for_completion_io[_timeout] writeback: add more tracepoints block: add block_{touch|dirty}_buffer tracepoint buffer: make touch_buffer() an exported function block: add @req to bio_{front|back}_merge tracepoints block: add missing block_bio_complete() tracepoint block: Remove should_sort judgement when flush blk_plug block,elevator: use new hashtable implementation cfq-iosched: add hierarchical cfq_group statistics cfq-iosched: collect stats from dead cfqgs cfq-iosched: separate out cfqg_stats_reset() from cfq_pd_reset_stats() blkcg: make blkcg_print_blkgs() grab q locks instead of blkcg lock block: RCU free request_queue blkcg: implement blkg_[rw]stat_recursive_sum() and blkg_[rw]stat_merge() ...
2013-02-24page-writeback.c: subtract min_free_kbytes from dirtyable memoryPaul Szabo1-0/+3
When calculating amount of dirtyable memory, min_free_kbytes should be subtracted because it is not intended for dirty pages. Addresses http://bugs.debian.org/695182 [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix up min_free_kbytes extern declarations] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix min() warning] Signed-off-by: Paul Szabo <psz@maths.usyd.edu.au> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-02-22block: optionally snapshot page contents to provide stable pages during writeDarrick J. Wong1-0/+4
This provides a band-aid to provide stable page writes on jbd without needing to backport the fixed locking and page writeback bit handling schemes of jbd2. The band-aid works by using bounce buffers to snapshot page contents instead of waiting. For those wondering about the ext3 bandage -- fixing the jbd locking (which was done as part of ext4dev years ago) is a lot of surgery, and setting PG_writeback on data pages when we actually hold the page lock dropped ext3 performance by nearly an order of magnitude. If we're going to migrate iscsi and raid to use stable page writes, the complaints about high latency will likely return. We might as well centralize their page snapshotting thing to one place. Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com> Tested-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net> Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com> Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind1@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com> Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com> Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com> Cc: Ron Minnich <rminnich@sandia.gov> Cc: Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-02-22mm: only enforce stable page writes if the backing device requires itDarrick J. Wong1-0/+20
Create a helper function to check if a backing device requires stable page writes and, if so, performs the necessary wait. Then, make it so that all points in the memory manager that handle making pages writable use the helper function. This should provide stable page write support to most filesystems, while eliminating unnecessary waiting for devices that don't require the feature. Before this patchset, all filesystems would block, regardless of whether or not it was necessary. ext3 would wait, but still generate occasional checksum errors. The network filesystems were left to do their own thing, so they'd wait too. After this patchset, all the disk filesystems except ext3 and btrfs will wait only if the hardware requires it. ext3 (if necessary) snapshots pages instead of blocking, and btrfs provides its own bdi so the mm will never wait. Network filesystems haven't been touched, so either they provide their own stable page guarantees or they don't block at all. The blocking behavior is back to what it was before 3.0 if you don't have a disk requiring stable page writes. Here's the result of using dbench to test latency on ext2: 3.8.0-rc3: Operation Count AvgLat MaxLat ---------------------------------------- WriteX 109347 0.028 59.817 ReadX 347180 0.004 3.391 Flush 15514 29.828 287.283 Throughput 57.429 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=287.290 ms 3.8.0-rc3 + patches: WriteX 105556 0.029 4.273 ReadX 335004 0.005 4.112 Flush 14982 30.540 298.634 Throughput 55.4496 MB/sec 4 clients 4 procs max_latency=298.650 ms As you can see, the maximum write latency drops considerably with this patch enabled. The other filesystems (ext3/ext4/xfs/btrfs) behave similarly, but see the cover letter for those results. Signed-off-by: Darrick J. Wong <darrick.wong@oracle.com> Acked-by: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Adrian Hunter <adrian.hunter@intel.com> Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net> Cc: Artem Bityutskiy <dedekind1@gmail.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com> Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk> Cc: Eric Van Hensbergen <ericvh@gmail.com> Cc: Ron Minnich <rminnich@sandia.gov> Cc: Latchesar Ionkov <lucho@ionkov.net> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-02-07sched/rt: Move rt specific bits into new header fileClark Williams1-0/+1
Move rt scheduler definitions out of include/linux/sched.h into new file include/linux/sched/rt.h Signed-off-by: Clark Williams <williams@redhat.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20130207094707.7b9f825f@riff.lan Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2013-01-24Negative (setpoint-dirty) in bdi_position_ratio()paul.szabo@sydney.edu.au1-1/+1
In bdi_position_ratio(), get difference (setpoint-dirty) right even when negative. Both setpoint and dirty are unsigned long, the difference was zero-padded thus wrongly sign-extended to s64. This issue affects all 32-bit architectures, does not affect 64-bit architectures where long and s64 are equivalent. In this function, dirty is between freerun and limit, the pseudo-float x is between [-1,1], expected to be negative about half the time. With zero-padding, instead of a small negative x we obtained a large positive one so bdi_position_ratio() returned garbage. Casting the difference to s64 also prevents overflow with left-shift; though normally these numbers are small and I never observed a 32-bit overflow there. (This patch does not solve the PAE OOM issue.) Paul Szabo psz@maths.usyd.edu.au http://www.maths.usyd.edu.au/u/psz/ School of Mathematics and Statistics University of Sydney Australia Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Reported-by: Paul Szabo <psz@maths.usyd.edu.au> Reference: http://bugs.debian.org/695182 Signed-off-by: Paul Szabo <psz@maths.usyd.edu.au> Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2013-01-14writeback: add more tracepointsTejun Heo1-0/+2
Add tracepoints for page dirtying, writeback_single_inode start, inode dirtying and writeback. For the latter two inode events, a pair of events are defined to denote start and end of the operations (the starting one has _start suffix and the one w/o suffix happens after the operation is complete). These inode ops are FS specific and can be non-trivial and having enclosing tracepoints is useful for external tracers. This is part of tracepoint additions to improve visiblity into dirtying / writeback operations for io tracer and userland. v2: writeback_dirty_inode[_start] TPs may be called for files on pseudo FSes w/ unregistered bdi. Check whether bdi->dev is %NULL before dereferencing. v3: buffer dirtying moved to a block TP. Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
2012-12-21mm: fix calculation of dirtyable memorySonny Rao1-5/+20
The system uses global_dirtyable_memory() to calculate number of dirtyable pages/pages that can be allocated to the page cache. A bug causes an underflow thus making the page count look like a big unsigned number. This in turn confuses the dirty writeback throttling to aggressively write back pages as they become dirty (usually 1 page at a time). This generally only affects systems with highmem because the underflowed count gets subtracted from the global count of dirtyable memory. The problem was introduced with v3.2-4896-gab8fabd Fix is to ensure we don't get an underflowed total of either highmem or global dirtyable memory. Signed-off-by: Sonny Rao <sonnyrao@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Puneet Kumar <puneetster@chromium.org> Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Tested-by: Damien Wyart <damien.wyart@free.fr> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-12-12writeback: remove nr_pages_dirtied arg from balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_nr()Namjae Jeon1-6/+5
There is no reason to pass the nr_pages_dirtied argument, because nr_pages_dirtied value from the caller is unused in balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited_nr(). Signed-off-by: Namjae Jeon <linkinjeon@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Vivek Trivedi <vtrivedi018@gmail.com> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-09-28CPU hotplug, writeback: Don't call writeback_set_ratelimit() too often ↵Srivatsa S. Bhat1-3/+11
during hotplug The CPU hotplug callback related to writeback calls writeback_set_ratelimit() during every state change in the hotplug sequence. This is unnecessary since num_online_cpus() changes only once during the entire hotplug operation. So invoke the function only once per hotplug, thereby avoiding the unnecessary repetition of those costly calculations. Signed-off-by: Srivatsa S. Bhat <srivatsa.bhat@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
2012-08-04vfs: kill write_super and sync_supersArtem Bityutskiy1-1/+0
Finally we can kill the 'sync_supers' kernel thread along with the '->write_super()' superblock operation because all the users are gone. Now every file-system is supposed to self-manage own superblock and its dirty state. The nice thing about killing this thread is that it improves power management. Indeed, 'sync_supers' is a source of monotonic system wake-ups - it woke up every 5 seconds no matter what - even if there were no dirty superblocks and even if there were no file-systems using this service (e.g., btrfs and journalled ext4 do not need it). So it was wasting power most of the time. And because the thread was in the core of the kernel, all systems had to have it. So I am quite happy to make it go away. Interestingly, this thread is a left-over from the pdflush kernel thread which was a self-forking kernel thread responsible for all the write-back in old Linux kernels. It was turned into per-block device BDI threads, and 'sync_supers' was a left-over. Thus, R.I.P, pdflush as well. Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2012-06-09writeback: Fix some comment errorsWanpeng Li1-2/+2
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwp@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2012-06-09block: Convert BDI proportion calculations to flexible proportionsJan Kara1-39/+64
Convert calculations of proportion of writeback each bdi does to new flexible proportion code. That allows us to use aging period of fixed wallclock time which gives better proportion estimates given the hugely varying throughput of different devices. Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2012-05-06writeback: initialize global_dirty_limitFengguang Wu1-0/+1
This prevents global_dirty_limit from remaining 0 (the initial value) for long time, since it's only updated in update_dirty_limit() when above the dirty freerun area. It will avoid unexpected consequences when some random code use it as a convenient approximation of the global dirty threshold. Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2012-04-14mm: page-writeback.c: local functions should not be exposed globallyH Hartley Sweeten1-1/+1
The function global_dirtyable_memory is only referenced in this file and should be marked static to prevent it from being exposed globally. This quiets the sparse warning: warning: symbol 'global_dirtyable_memory' was not declared. Should it be static? Signed-off-by: H Hartley Sweeten <hsweeten@visionengravers.com> Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2012-03-28Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-0/+2
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4 Pull ext4 updates for 3.4 from Ted Ts'o: "Ext4 commits for 3.3 merge window; mostly cleanups and bug fixes The changes to export dirty_writeback_interval are from Artem's s_dirt cleanup patch series. The same is true of the change to remove the s_dirt helper functions which never got used by anyone in-tree. I've run these changes by Al Viro, and am carrying them so that Artem can more easily fix up the rest of the file systems during the next merge window. (Originally we had hopped to remove the use of s_dirt from ext4 during this merge window, but his patches had some bugs, so I ultimately ended dropping them from the ext4 tree.)" * tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (66 commits) vfs: remove unused superblock helpers mm: export dirty_writeback_interval ext4: remove useless s_dirt assignment ext4: write superblock only once on unmount ext4: do not mark superblock as dirty unnecessarily ext4: correct ext4_punch_hole return codes ext4: remove restrictive checks for EOFBLOCKS_FL ext4: always set then trimmed blocks count into len ext4: fix trimmed block count accunting ext4: fix start and len arguments handling in ext4_trim_fs() ext4: update s_free_{inodes,blocks}_count during online resize ext4: change some printk() calls to use ext4_msg() instead ext4: avoid output message interleaving in ext4_error_<foo>() ext4: remove trailing newlines from ext4_msg() and ext4_error() messages ext4: add no_printk argument validation, fix fallout ext4: remove redundant "EXT4-fs: " from uses of ext4_msg ext4: give more helpful error message in ext4_ext_rm_leaf() ext4: remove unused code from ext4_ext_map_blocks() ext4: rewrite punch hole to use ext4_ext_remove_space() jbd2: cleanup journal tail after transaction commit ...
2012-03-22mm: export dirty_writeback_intervalArtem Bityutskiy1-0/+2
Export 'dirty_writeback_interval' to make it visible to file-systems. We are going to push superblock management down to file-systems and get rid of the 'sync_supers' kernel thread completly. Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
2012-03-22mm: use global_dirty_limit in throttle_vm_writeout()Fengguang Wu1-0/+1
When starting a memory hog task, a desktop box w/o swap is found to go unresponsive for a long time. It's solely caused by lots of congestion waits in throttle_vm_writeout(): gnome-system-mo-4201 553.073384: congestion_wait: throttle_vm_writeout+0x70/0x7f shrink_mem_cgroup_zone+0x48f/0x4a1 gnome-system-mo-4201 553.073386: writeback_congestion_wait: usec_timeout=100000 usec_delayed=100000 gtali-4237 553.080377: congestion_wait: throttle_vm_writeout+0x70/0x7f shrink_mem_cgroup_zone+0x48f/0x4a1 gtali-4237 553.080378: writeback_congestion_wait: usec_timeout=100000 usec_delayed=100000 Xorg-3483 553.103375: congestion_wait: throttle_vm_writeout+0x70/0x7f shrink_mem_cgroup_zone+0x48f/0x4a1 Xorg-3483 553.103377: writeback_congestion_wait: usec_timeout=100000 usec_delayed=100000 The root cause is, the dirty threshold is knocked down a lot by the memory hog task. Fixed by using global_dirty_limit which decreases gradually on such events and can guarantee we stay above (the also decreasing) nr_dirty in the progress of following down to the new dirty threshold. Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com> Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-01-11Merge branch 'writeback-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-55/+191
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/wfg/linux * 'writeback-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/wfg/linux: writeback: move MIN_WRITEBACK_PAGES to fs-writeback.c writeback: balanced_rate cannot exceed write bandwidth writeback: do strict bdi dirty_exceeded writeback: avoid tiny dirty poll intervals writeback: max, min and target dirty pause time writeback: dirty ratelimit - think time compensation btrfs: fix dirtied pages accounting on sub-page writes writeback: fix dirtied pages accounting on redirty writeback: fix dirtied pages accounting on sub-page writes writeback: charge leaked page dirties to active tasks writeback: Include all dirty inodes in background writeback
2012-01-11mm: try to distribute dirty pages fairly across zonesJohannes Weiner1-0/+82
The maximum number of dirty pages that exist in the system at any time is determined by a number of pages considered dirtyable and a user-configured percentage of those, or an absolute number in bytes. This number of dirtyable pages is the sum of memory provided by all the zones in the system minus their lowmem reserves and high watermarks, so that the system can retain a healthy number of free pages without having to reclaim dirty pages. But there is a flaw in that we have a zoned page allocator which does not care about the global state but rather the state of individual memory zones. And right now there is nothing that prevents one zone from filling up with dirty pages while other zones are spared, which frequently leads to situations where kswapd, in order to restore the watermark of free pages, does indeed have to write pages from that zone's LRU list. This can interfere so badly with IO from the flusher threads that major filesystems (btrfs, xfs, ext4) mostly ignore write requests from reclaim already, taking away the VM's only possibility to keep such a zone balanced, aside from hoping the flushers will soon clean pages from that zone. Enter per-zone dirty limits. They are to a zone's dirtyable memory what the global limit is to the global amount of dirtyable memory, and try to make sure that no single zone receives more than its fair share of the globally allowed dirty pages in the first place. As the number of pages considered dirtyable excludes the zones' lowmem reserves and high watermarks, the maximum number of dirty pages in a zone is such that the zone can always be balanced without requiring page cleaning. As this is a placement decision in the page allocator and pages are dirtied only after the allocation, this patch allows allocators to pass __GFP_WRITE when they know in advance that the page will be written to and become dirty soon. The page allocator will then attempt to allocate from the first zone of the zonelist - which on NUMA is determined by the task's NUMA memory policy - that has not exceeded its dirty limit. At first glance, it would appear that the diversion to lower zones can increase pressure on them, but this is not the case. With a full high zone, allocations will be diverted to lower zones eventually, so it is more of a shift in timing of the lower zone allocations. Workloads that previously could fit their dirty pages completely in the higher zone may be forced to allocate from lower zones, but the amount of pages that "spill over" are limited themselves by the lower zones' dirty constraints, and thus unlikely to become a problem. For now, the problem of unfair dirty page distribution remains for NUMA configurations where the zones allowed for allocation are in sum not big enough to trigger the global dirty limits, wake up the flusher threads and remedy the situation. Because of this, an allocation that could not succeed on any of the considered zones is allowed to ignore the dirty limits before going into direct reclaim or even failing the allocation, until a future patch changes the global dirty throttling and flusher thread activation so that they take individual zone states into account. Test results 15M DMA + 3246M DMA32 + 504 Normal = 3765M memory 40% dirty ratio 16G USB thumb drive 10 runs of dd if=/dev/zero of=disk/zeroes bs=32k count=$((10 << 15)) seconds nr_vmscan_write (stddev) min| median| max xfs vanilla: 549.747( 3.492) 0.000| 0.000| 0.000 patched: 550.996( 3.802) 0.000| 0.000| 0.000 fuse-ntfs vanilla: 1183.094(53.178) 54349.000| 59341.000| 65163.000 patched: 558.049(17.914) 0.000| 0.000| 43.000 btrfs vanilla: 573.679(14.015) 156657.000| 460178.000| 606926.000 patched: 563.365(11.368) 0.000| 0.000| 1362.000 ext4 vanilla: 561.197(15.782) 0.000|2725438.000|4143837.000 patched: 568.806(17.496) 0.000| 0.000| 0.000 Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Tested-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org> Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-01-11mm: writeback: cleanups in preparation for per-zone dirty limitsJohannes Weiner1-46/+47
The next patch will introduce per-zone dirty limiting functions in addition to the traditional global dirty limiting. Rename determine_dirtyable_memory() to global_dirtyable_memory() before adding the zone-specific version, and fix up its documentation. Also, move the functions to determine the dirtyable memory and the function to calculate the dirty limit based on that together so that their relationship is more apparent and that they can be commented on as a group. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@suse.de> Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-01-11mm: exclude reserved pages from dirtyable memoryJohannes Weiner1-2/+3
Per-zone dirty limits try to distribute page cache pages allocated for writing across zones in proportion to the individual zone sizes, to reduce the likelihood of reclaim having to write back individual pages from the LRU lists in order to make progress. This patch: The amount of dirtyable pages should not include the full number of free pages: there is a number of reserved pages that the page allocator and kswapd always try to keep free. The closer (reclaimable pages - dirty pages) is to the number of reserved pages, the more likely it becomes for reclaim to run into dirty pages: +----------+ --- | anon | | +----------+ | | | | | | -- dirty limit new -- flusher new | file | | | | | | | | | -- dirty limit old -- flusher old | | | +----------+ --- reclaim | reserved | +----------+ | kernel | +----------+ This patch introduces a per-zone dirty reserve that takes both the lowmem reserve as well as the high watermark of the zone into account, and a global sum of those per-zone values that is subtracted from the global amount of dirtyable pages. The lowmem reserve is unavailable to page cache allocations and kswapd tries to keep the high watermark free. We don't want to end up in a situation where reclaim has to clean pages in order to balance zones. Not treating reserved pages as dirtyable on a global level is only a conceptual fix. In reality, dirty pages are not distributed equally across zones and reclaim runs into dirty pages on a regular basis. But it is important to get this right before tackling the problem on a per-zone level, where the distance between reclaim and the dirty pages is mostly much smaller in absolute numbers. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix highmem build] Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <jweiner@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com> Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Cc: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@intel.com> Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-01-11mm/page-writeback.c: make determine_dirtyable_memory static againJohannes Weiner1-62/+60
The tracing ring-buffer used this function briefly, but not anymore. Make it local to the writeback code again. Also, move the function so that no forward declaration needs to be reintroduced. Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-01-04fs: move code out of buffer.cAl Viro1-1/+1
Move invalidate_bdev, block_sync_page into fs/block_dev.c. Export kill_bdev as well, so brd doesn't have to open code it. Reduce buffer_head.h requirement accordingly. Removed a rather large comment from invalidate_bdev, as it looked a bit obsolete to bother moving. The small comment replacing it says enough. Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de> Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk> Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
2011-12-18writeback: balanced_rate cannot exceed write bandwidthWu Fengguang1-0/+5
Add an upper limit to balanced_rate according to the below inequality. This filters out some rare but huge singular points, which at least enables more readable gnuplot figures. When there are N dd dirtiers, balanced_dirty_ratelimit = write_bw / N So it holds that balanced_dirty_ratelimit <= write_bw The singular points originate from dirty_rate in the below formular: balanced_dirty_ratelimit = task_ratelimit * write_bw / dirty_rate where dirty_rate = (number of page dirties in the past 200ms) / 200ms In the extreme case, if all dd tasks suddenly get blocked on something else and hence no pages are dirtied at all, dirty_rate will be 0 and balanced_dirty_ratelimit will be inf. This could happen in reality. Note that these huge singular points are not a real threat, since they are _guaranteed_ to be filtered out by the min(balanced_dirty_ratelimit, task_ratelimit) line in bdi_update_dirty_ratelimit(). task_ratelimit is based on the number of dirty pages, which will never _suddenly_ fly away like balanced_dirty_ratelimit. So any weirdly large balanced_dirty_ratelimit will be cut down to the level of task_ratelimit. There won't be tiny singular points though, as long as the dirty pages lie inside the dirty throttling region (above the freerun region). Because there the dd tasks will be throttled by balanced_dirty_pages() and won't be able to suddenly dirty much more pages than average. Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2011-12-18writeback: do strict bdi dirty_exceededWu Fengguang1-1/+1
This helps to reduce dirty throttling polls and hence CPU overheads. bdi->dirty_exceeded typically only helps when suddenly starting 100+ dd's on a disk, in which case the dd's may need to poll balance_dirty_pages() earlier than tsk->nr_dirtied_pause. CC: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> CC: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2011-12-18writeback: avoid tiny dirty poll intervalsWu Fengguang1-1/+24
The LKP tests see big 56% regression for the case fio_mmap_randwrite_64k. Shaohua manages to root cause it to be the much smaller dirty pause times and hence much more frequent invocations to the IO-less balance_dirty_pages(). Since fio_mmap_randwrite_64k effectively contains both reads and writes, the more frequent pauses triggered more idling in the cfq IO scheduler. The solution is to increase pause time all the way up to the max 200ms in this case, which is found to restore most performance. This will help reduce CPU overheads in other cases, too. Note that I don't expect many performance critical workloads to run this access pattern: the mmap read-on-write is rather inefficient and could be avoided by doing normal writes syscalls. CC: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> CC: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Reported-by: Li Shaohua <shaohua.li@intel.com> Tested-by: Li Shaohua <shaohua.li@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2011-12-18writeback: max, min and target dirty pause timeWu Fengguang1-44/+81
Control the pause time and the call intervals to balance_dirty_pages() with three parameters: 1) max_pause, limited by bdi_dirty and MAX_PAUSE 2) the target pause time, grows with the number of dd tasks and is normally limited by max_pause/2 3) the minimal pause, set to half the target pause and is used to skip short sleeps and accumulate them into bigger ones The typical behaviors after patch: - if ever task_ratelimit is far below dirty_ratelimit, the pause time will remain constant at max_pause and nr_dirtied_pause will be fluctuating with task_ratelimit - in the normal cases, nr_dirtied_pause will remain stable (keep in the same pace with dirty_ratelimit) and the pause time will be fluctuating with task_ratelimit In summary, someone has to fluctuate with task_ratelimit, because task_ratelimit = nr_dirtied_pause / pause We normally prefer a stable nr_dirtied_pause, until reaching max_pause. The notable behavior changes are: - in stable workloads, there will no longer be sudden big trajectory switching of nr_dirtied_pause as concerned by Peter. It will be as smooth as dirty_ratelimit and changing proportionally with it (as always, assuming bdi bandwidth does not fluctuate across 2^N lines, otherwise nr_dirtied_pause will show up in 2+ parallel trajectories) - in the rare cases when something keeps task_ratelimit far below dirty_ratelimit, the smoothness can no longer be retained and nr_dirtied_pause will be "dancing" with task_ratelimit. This fixes a (not that destructive but still not good) bug that dirty_ratelimit gets brought down undesirably <= balanced_dirty_ratelimit is under estimated <= weakly executed task_ratelimit <= pause goes too large and gets trimmed down to max_pause <= nr_dirtied_pause (based on dirty_ratelimit) is set too large <= dirty_ratelimit being much larger than task_ratelimit - introduce min_pause to avoid small pause sleeps - when pause is trimmed down to max_pause, try to compensate it at the next pause time The "refactor" type of changes are: The max_pause equation is slightly transformed to make it slightly more efficient. We now scale target_pause by (N * 10ms) on 2^N concurrent tasks, which is effectively equal to the original scaling max_pause by (N * 20ms) because the original code does implicit target_pause ~= max_pause / 2. Based on the same implicit ratio, target_pause starts with 10ms on 1 dd. CC: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> CC: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2011-12-18writeback: dirty ratelimit - think time compensationWu Fengguang1-4/+32
Compensate the task's think time when computing the final pause time, so that ->dirty_ratelimit can be executed accurately. think time := time spend outside of balance_dirty_pages() In the rare case that the task slept longer than the 200ms period time (result in negative pause time), the sleep time will be compensated in the following periods, too, if it's less than 1 second. Accumulated errors are carefully avoided as long as the max pause area is not hitted. Pseudo code: period = pages_dirtied / task_ratelimit; think = jiffies - dirty_paused_when; pause = period - think; 1) normal case: period > think pause = period - think dirty_paused_when = jiffies + pause nr_dirtied = 0 period time |===============================>| think time pause time |===============>|==============>| ------|----------------|---------------|------------------------ dirty_paused_when jiffies 2) no pause case: period <= think don't pause; reduce future pause time by: dirty_paused_when += period nr_dirtied = 0 period time |===============================>| think time |===================================================>| ------|--------------------------------+-------------------|---- dirty_paused_when jiffies Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
2011-12-18writeback: fix dirtied pages accounting on redirtyWu Fengguang1-0/+19
De-account the accumulative dirty counters on page redirty. Page redirties (very common in ext4) will introduce mismatch between counters (a) and (b) a) NR_DIRTIED, BDI_DIRTIED, tsk->nr_dirtied b) NR_WRITTEN, BDI_WRITTEN This will introduce systematic errors in balanced_rate and result in dirty page position errors (ie. the dirty pages are no longer balanced around the global/bdi setpoints). Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl> Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>