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authorLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2020-08-05 08:47:54 +0300
committerLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2020-08-05 08:47:54 +0300
commit2324d50d051ec0f14a548e78554fb02513d6dcef (patch)
tree467e5622cf878daed7c00be90a02a1f036de04ad /Documentation/process/deprecated.rst
parenta754292348bf88ec6b55563eca4faba7dcfe2ae7 (diff)
parent2c12c8103d8f15790cf880f1545dafa36acb004a (diff)
downloadlinux-2324d50d051ec0f14a548e78554fb02513d6dcef.tar.xz
Merge tag 'docs-5.9' of git://git.lwn.net/linux
Pull documentation updates from Jonathan Corbet: "It's been a busy cycle for documentation - hopefully the busiest for a while to come. Changes include: - Some new Chinese translations - Progress on the battle against double words words and non-HTTPS URLs - Some block-mq documentation - More RST conversions from Mauro. At this point, that task is essentially complete, so we shouldn't see this kind of churn again for a while. Unless we decide to switch to asciidoc or something...:) - Lots of typo fixes, warning fixes, and more" * tag 'docs-5.9' of git://git.lwn.net/linux: (195 commits) scripts/kernel-doc: optionally treat warnings as errors docs: ia64: correct typo mailmap: add entry for <alobakin@marvell.com> doc/zh_CN: add cpu-load Chinese version Documentation/admin-guide: tainted-kernels: fix spelling mistake MAINTAINERS: adjust kprobes.rst entry to new location devices.txt: document rfkill allocation PCI: correct flag name docs: filesystems: vfs: correct flag name docs: filesystems: vfs: correct sync_mode flag names docs: path-lookup: markup fixes for emphasis docs: path-lookup: more markup fixes docs: path-lookup: fix HTML entity mojibake CREDITS: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones docs: process: Add an example for creating a fixes tag doc/zh_CN: add Chinese translation prefer section doc/zh_CN: add clearing-warn-once Chinese version doc/zh_CN: add admin-guide index doc:it_IT: process: coding-style.rst: Correct __maybe_unused compiler label futex: MAINTAINERS: Re-add selftests directory ...
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/process/deprecated.rst')
-rw-r--r--Documentation/process/deprecated.rst118
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diff --git a/Documentation/process/deprecated.rst b/Documentation/process/deprecated.rst
index 943a926ecbbb..4a9aa4f0681e 100644
--- a/Documentation/process/deprecated.rst
+++ b/Documentation/process/deprecated.rst
@@ -103,6 +103,11 @@ Instead, use the helper::
header = kzalloc(struct_size(header, item, count), GFP_KERNEL);
+.. note:: If you are using struct_size() on a structure containing a zero-length
+ or a one-element array as a trailing array member, please refactor such
+ array usage and switch to a `flexible array member
+ <#zero-length-and-one-element-arrays>`_ instead.
+
See array_size(), array3_size(), and struct_size(),
for more details as well as the related check_add_overflow() and
check_mul_overflow() family of functions.
@@ -218,3 +223,116 @@ All switch/case blocks must end in one of:
* continue;
* goto <label>;
* return [expression];
+
+Zero-length and one-element arrays
+----------------------------------
+There is a regular need in the kernel to provide a way to declare having
+a dynamically sized set of trailing elements in a structure. Kernel code
+should always use `"flexible array members" <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_array_member>`_
+for these cases. The older style of one-element or zero-length arrays should
+no longer be used.
+
+In older C code, dynamically sized trailing elements were done by specifying
+a one-element array at the end of a structure::
+
+ struct something {
+ size_t count;
+ struct foo items[1];
+ };
+
+This led to fragile size calculations via sizeof() (which would need to
+remove the size of the single trailing element to get a correct size of
+the "header"). A `GNU C extension <https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Zero-Length.html>`_
+was introduced to allow for zero-length arrays, to avoid these kinds of
+size problems::
+
+ struct something {
+ size_t count;
+ struct foo items[0];
+ };
+
+But this led to other problems, and didn't solve some problems shared by
+both styles, like not being able to detect when such an array is accidentally
+being used _not_ at the end of a structure (which could happen directly, or
+when such a struct was in unions, structs of structs, etc).
+
+C99 introduced "flexible array members", which lacks a numeric size for
+the array declaration entirely::
+
+ struct something {
+ size_t count;
+ struct foo items[];
+ };
+
+This is the way the kernel expects dynamically sized trailing elements
+to be declared. It allows the compiler to generate errors when the
+flexible array does not occur last in the structure, which helps to prevent
+some kind of `undefined behavior
+<https://git.kernel.org/linus/76497732932f15e7323dc805e8ea8dc11bb587cf>`_
+bugs from being inadvertently introduced to the codebase. It also allows
+the compiler to correctly analyze array sizes (via sizeof(),
+`CONFIG_FORTIFY_SOURCE`, and `CONFIG_UBSAN_BOUNDS`). For instance,
+there is no mechanism that warns us that the following application of the
+sizeof() operator to a zero-length array always results in zero::
+
+ struct something {
+ size_t count;
+ struct foo items[0];
+ };
+
+ struct something *instance;
+
+ instance = kmalloc(struct_size(instance, items, count), GFP_KERNEL);
+ instance->count = count;
+
+ size = sizeof(instance->items) * instance->count;
+ memcpy(instance->items, source, size);
+
+At the last line of code above, ``size`` turns out to be ``zero``, when one might
+have thought it represents the total size in bytes of the dynamic memory recently
+allocated for the trailing array ``items``. Here are a couple examples of this
+issue: `link 1
+<https://git.kernel.org/linus/f2cd32a443da694ac4e28fbf4ac6f9d5cc63a539>`_,
+`link 2
+<https://git.kernel.org/linus/ab91c2a89f86be2898cee208d492816ec238b2cf>`_.
+Instead, `flexible array members have incomplete type, and so the sizeof()
+operator may not be applied <https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Zero-Length.html>`_,
+so any misuse of such operators will be immediately noticed at build time.
+
+With respect to one-element arrays, one has to be acutely aware that `such arrays
+occupy at least as much space as a single object of the type
+<https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Zero-Length.html>`_,
+hence they contribute to the size of the enclosing structure. This is prone
+to error every time people want to calculate the total size of dynamic memory
+to allocate for a structure containing an array of this kind as a member::
+
+ struct something {
+ size_t count;
+ struct foo items[1];
+ };
+
+ struct something *instance;
+
+ instance = kmalloc(struct_size(instance, items, count - 1), GFP_KERNEL);
+ instance->count = count;
+
+ size = sizeof(instance->items) * instance->count;
+ memcpy(instance->items, source, size);
+
+In the example above, we had to remember to calculate ``count - 1`` when using
+the struct_size() helper, otherwise we would have --unintentionally-- allocated
+memory for one too many ``items`` objects. The cleanest and least error-prone way
+to implement this is through the use of a `flexible array member`::
+
+ struct something {
+ size_t count;
+ struct foo items[];
+ };
+
+ struct something *instance;
+
+ instance = kmalloc(struct_size(instance, items, count), GFP_KERNEL);
+ instance->count = count;
+
+ size = sizeof(instance->items[0]) * instance->count;
+ memcpy(instance->items, source, size);