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- <title>Raw VBI Data Interface</title>
-
- <para>VBI is an abbreviation of Vertical Blanking Interval, a gap
-in the sequence of lines of an analog video signal. During VBI
-no picture information is transmitted, allowing some time while the
-electron beam of a cathode ray tube TV returns to the top of the
-screen. Using an oscilloscope you will find here the vertical
-synchronization pulses and short data packages ASK
-modulated<footnote><para>ASK: Amplitude-Shift Keying. A high signal
-level represents a '1' bit, a low level a '0' bit.</para></footnote>
-onto the video signal. These are transmissions of services such as
-Teletext or Closed Caption.</para>
-
- <para>Subject of this interface type is raw VBI data, as sampled off
-a video signal, or to be added to a signal for output.
-The data format is similar to uncompressed video images, a number of
-lines times a number of samples per line, we call this a VBI image.</para>
-
- <para>Conventionally V4L2 VBI devices are accessed through character
-device special files named <filename>/dev/vbi</filename> and
-<filename>/dev/vbi0</filename> to <filename>/dev/vbi31</filename> with
-major number 81 and minor numbers 224 to 255.
-<filename>/dev/vbi</filename> is typically a symbolic link to the
-preferred VBI device. This convention applies to both input and output
-devices.</para>
-
- <para>To address the problems of finding related video and VBI
-devices VBI capturing and output is also available as device function
-under <filename>/dev/video</filename>. To capture or output raw VBI
-data with these devices applications must call the &VIDIOC-S-FMT;
-ioctl. Accessed as <filename>/dev/vbi</filename>, raw VBI capturing
-or output is the default device function.</para>
-
- <section>
- <title>Querying Capabilities</title>
-
- <para>Devices supporting the raw VBI capturing or output API set
-the <constant>V4L2_CAP_VBI_CAPTURE</constant> or
-<constant>V4L2_CAP_VBI_OUTPUT</constant> flags, respectively, in the
-<structfield>capabilities</structfield> field of &v4l2-capability;
-returned by the &VIDIOC-QUERYCAP; ioctl. At least one of the
-read/write, streaming or asynchronous I/O methods must be
-supported. VBI devices may or may not have a tuner or modulator.</para>
- </section>
-
- <section>
- <title>Supplemental Functions</title>
-
- <para>VBI devices shall support <link linkend="video">video
-input or output</link>, <link linkend="tuner">tuner or
-modulator</link>, and <link linkend="control">controls</link> ioctls
-as needed. The <link linkend="standard">video standard</link> ioctls provide
-information vital to program a VBI device, therefore must be
-supported.</para>
- </section>
-
- <section>
- <title>Raw VBI Format Negotiation</title>
-
- <para>Raw VBI sampling abilities can vary, in particular the
-sampling frequency. To properly interpret the data V4L2 specifies an
-ioctl to query the sampling parameters. Moreover, to allow for some
-flexibility applications can also suggest different parameters.</para>
-
- <para>As usual these parameters are <emphasis>not</emphasis>
-reset at &func-open; time to permit Unix tool chains, programming a
-device and then reading from it as if it was a plain file. Well
-written V4L2 applications should always ensure they really get what
-they want, requesting reasonable parameters and then checking if the
-actual parameters are suitable.</para>
-
- <para>To query the current raw VBI capture parameters
-applications set the <structfield>type</structfield> field of a
-&v4l2-format; to <constant>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VBI_CAPTURE</constant> or
-<constant>V4L2_BUF_TYPE_VBI_OUTPUT</constant>, and call the
-&VIDIOC-G-FMT; ioctl with a pointer to this structure. Drivers fill
-the &v4l2-vbi-format; <structfield>vbi</structfield> member of the
-<structfield>fmt</structfield> union.</para>
-
- <para>To request different parameters applications set the
-<structfield>type</structfield> field of a &v4l2-format; as above and
-initialize all fields of the &v4l2-vbi-format;
-<structfield>vbi</structfield> member of the
-<structfield>fmt</structfield> union, or better just modify the
-results of <constant>VIDIOC_G_FMT</constant>, and call the
-&VIDIOC-S-FMT; ioctl with a pointer to this structure. Drivers return
-an &EINVAL; only when the given parameters are ambiguous, otherwise
-they modify the parameters according to the hardware capabilites and
-return the actual parameters. When the driver allocates resources at
-this point, it may return an &EBUSY; to indicate the returned
-parameters are valid but the required resources are currently not
-available. That may happen for instance when the video and VBI areas
-to capture would overlap, or when the driver supports multiple opens
-and another process already requested VBI capturing or output. Anyway,
-applications must expect other resource allocation points which may
-return <errorcode>EBUSY</errorcode>, at the &VIDIOC-STREAMON; ioctl
-and the first read(), write() and select() call.</para>
-
- <para>VBI devices must implement both the
-<constant>VIDIOC_G_FMT</constant> and
-<constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> ioctl, even if
-<constant>VIDIOC_S_FMT</constant> ignores all requests and always
-returns default parameters as <constant>VIDIOC_G_FMT</constant> does.
-<constant>VIDIOC_TRY_FMT</constant> is optional.</para>
-
- <table pgwide="1" frame="none" id="v4l2-vbi-format">
- <title>struct <structname>v4l2_vbi_format</structname></title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- &cs-str;
- <tbody valign="top">
- <row>
- <entry>__u32</entry>
- <entry><structfield>sampling_rate</structfield></entry>
- <entry>Samples per second, i.&nbsp;e. unit 1 Hz.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>__u32</entry>
- <entry><structfield>offset</structfield></entry>
- <entry><para>Horizontal offset of the VBI image,
-relative to the leading edge of the line synchronization pulse and
-counted in samples: The first sample in the VBI image will be located
-<structfield>offset</structfield> /
-<structfield>sampling_rate</structfield> seconds following the leading
-edge. See also <xref linkend="vbi-hsync" />.</para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>__u32</entry>
- <entry><structfield>samples_per_line</structfield></entry>
- <entry></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>__u32</entry>
- <entry><structfield>sample_format</structfield></entry>
- <entry><para>Defines the sample format as in <xref
-linkend="pixfmt" />, a four-character-code.<footnote>
- <para>A few devices may be unable to
-sample VBI data at all but can extend the video capture window to the
-VBI region.</para>
- </footnote> Usually this is
-<constant>V4L2_PIX_FMT_GREY</constant>, i.&nbsp;e. each sample
-consists of 8 bits with lower values oriented towards the black level.
-Do not assume any other correlation of values with the signal level.
-For example, the MSB does not necessarily indicate if the signal is
-'high' or 'low' because 128 may not be the mean value of the
-signal. Drivers shall not convert the sample format by software.</para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>__u32</entry>
- <entry><structfield>start</structfield>[2]</entry>
- <entry>This is the scanning system line number
-associated with the first line of the VBI image, of the first and the
-second field respectively. See <xref linkend="vbi-525" /> and
-<xref linkend="vbi-625" /> for valid values.
-The <constant>V4L2_VBI_ITU_525_F1_START</constant>,
-<constant>V4L2_VBI_ITU_525_F2_START</constant>,
-<constant>V4L2_VBI_ITU_625_F1_START</constant> and
-<constant>V4L2_VBI_ITU_625_F2_START</constant> defines give the start line
-numbers for each field for each 525 or 625 line format as a convenience.
-Don't forget that ITU line numbering starts at 1, not 0.
-VBI input drivers can return start values 0 if the hardware cannot
-reliable identify scanning lines, VBI acquisition may not require this
-information.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>__u32</entry>
- <entry><structfield>count</structfield>[2]</entry>
- <entry>The number of lines in the first and second
-field image, respectively.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry spanname="hspan"><para>Drivers should be as
-flexibility as possible. For example, it may be possible to extend or
-move the VBI capture window down to the picture area, implementing a
-'full field mode' to capture data service transmissions embedded in
-the picture.</para><para>An application can set the first or second
-<structfield>count</structfield> value to zero if no data is required
-from the respective field; <structfield>count</structfield>[1] if the
-scanning system is progressive, &ie; not interlaced. The
-corresponding start value shall be ignored by the application and
-driver. Anyway, drivers may not support single field capturing and
-return both count values non-zero.</para><para>Both
-<structfield>count</structfield> values set to zero, or line numbers
-outside the bounds depicted in <xref linkend="vbi-525" /> and <xref
- linkend="vbi-625" />, or a field image covering
-lines of two fields, are invalid and shall not be returned by the
-driver.</para><para>To initialize the <structfield>start</structfield>
-and <structfield>count</structfield> fields, applications must first
-determine the current video standard selection. The &v4l2-std-id; or
-the <structfield>framelines</structfield> field of &v4l2-standard; can
-be evaluated for this purpose.</para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>__u32</entry>
- <entry><structfield>flags</structfield></entry>
- <entry>See <xref linkend="vbifmt-flags" /> below. Currently
-only drivers set flags, applications must set this field to
-zero.</entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry>__u32</entry>
- <entry><structfield>reserved</structfield>[2]</entry>
- <entry>This array is reserved for future extensions.
-Drivers and applications must set it to zero.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
-
- <table pgwide="1" frame="none" id="vbifmt-flags">
- <title>Raw VBI Format Flags</title>
- <tgroup cols="3">
- &cs-def;
- <tbody valign="top">
- <row>
- <entry><constant>V4L2_VBI_UNSYNC</constant></entry>
- <entry>0x0001</entry>
- <entry><para>This flag indicates hardware which does not
-properly distinguish between fields. Normally the VBI image stores the
-first field (lower scanning line numbers) first in memory. This may be
-a top or bottom field depending on the video standard. When this flag
-is set the first or second field may be stored first, however the
-fields are still in correct temporal order with the older field first
-in memory.<footnote>
- <para>Most VBI services transmit on both fields, but
-some have different semantics depending on the field number. These
-cannot be reliable decoded or encoded when
-<constant>V4L2_VBI_UNSYNC</constant> is set.</para>
- </footnote></para></entry>
- </row>
- <row>
- <entry><constant>V4L2_VBI_INTERLACED</constant></entry>
- <entry>0x0002</entry>
- <entry>By default the two field images will be passed
-sequentially; all lines of the first field followed by all lines of
-the second field (compare <xref linkend="field-order" />
-<constant>V4L2_FIELD_SEQ_TB</constant> and
-<constant>V4L2_FIELD_SEQ_BT</constant>, whether the top or bottom
-field is first in memory depends on the video standard). When this
-flag is set, the two fields are interlaced (cf.
-<constant>V4L2_FIELD_INTERLACED</constant>). The first line of the
-first field followed by the first line of the second field, then the
-two second lines, and so on. Such a layout may be necessary when the
-hardware has been programmed to capture or output interlaced video
-images and is unable to separate the fields for VBI capturing at
-the same time. For simplicity setting this flag implies that both
-<structfield>count</structfield> values are equal and non-zero.</entry>
- </row>
- </tbody>
- </tgroup>
- </table>
-
- <figure id="vbi-hsync">
- <title>Line synchronization</title>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="vbi_hsync.pdf" format="PS" />
- </imageobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="vbi_hsync.gif" format="GIF" />
- </imageobject>
- <textobject>
- <phrase>Line synchronization diagram</phrase>
- </textobject>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <figure id="vbi-525">
- <title>ITU-R 525 line numbering (M/NTSC and M/PAL)</title>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="vbi_525.pdf" format="PS" />
- </imageobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="vbi_525.gif" format="GIF" />
- </imageobject>
- <textobject>
- <phrase>NTSC field synchronization diagram</phrase>
- </textobject>
- <caption>
- <para>(1) For the purpose of this specification field 2
-starts in line 264 and not 263.5 because half line capturing is not
-supported.</para>
- </caption>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <figure id="vbi-625">
- <title>ITU-R 625 line numbering</title>
- <mediaobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="vbi_625.pdf" format="PS" />
- </imageobject>
- <imageobject>
- <imagedata fileref="vbi_625.gif" format="GIF" />
- </imageobject>
- <textobject>
- <phrase>PAL/SECAM field synchronization diagram</phrase>
- </textobject>
- <caption>
- <para>(1) For the purpose of this specification field 2
-starts in line 314 and not 313.5 because half line capturing is not
-supported.</para>
- </caption>
- </mediaobject>
- </figure>
-
- <para>Remember the VBI image format depends on the selected
-video standard, therefore the application must choose a new standard or
-query the current standard first. Attempts to read or write data ahead
-of format negotiation, or after switching the video standard which may
-invalidate the negotiated VBI parameters, should be refused by the
-driver. A format change during active I/O is not permitted.</para>
- </section>
-
- <section>
- <title>Reading and writing VBI images</title>
-
- <para>To assure synchronization with the field number and easier
-implementation, the smallest unit of data passed at a time is one
-frame, consisting of two fields of VBI images immediately following in
-memory.</para>
-
- <para>The total size of a frame computes as follows:</para>
-
- <programlisting>
-(<structfield>count</structfield>[0] + <structfield>count</structfield>[1]) *
-<structfield>samples_per_line</structfield> * sample size in bytes</programlisting>
-
- <para>The sample size is most likely always one byte,
-applications must check the <structfield>sample_format</structfield>
-field though, to function properly with other drivers.</para>
-
- <para>A VBI device may support <link
- linkend="rw">read/write</link> and/or streaming (<link
- linkend="mmap">memory mapping</link> or <link
- linkend="userp">user pointer</link>) I/O. The latter bears the
-possibility of synchronizing video and
-VBI data by using buffer timestamps.</para>
-
- <para>Remember the &VIDIOC-STREAMON; ioctl and the first read(),
-write() and select() call can be resource allocation points returning
-an &EBUSY; if the required hardware resources are temporarily
-unavailable, for example the device is already in use by another
-process.</para>
- </section>