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2017-11-16mm: zero reserved and unavailable struct pagesPavel Tatashin1-0/+16
Some memory is reserved but unavailable: not present in memblock.memory (because not backed by physical pages), but present in memblock.reserved. Such memory has backing struct pages, but they are not initialized by going through __init_single_page(). In some cases these struct pages are accessed even if they do not contain any data. One example is page_to_pfn() might access page->flags if this is where section information is stored (CONFIG_SPARSEMEM, SECTION_IN_PAGE_FLAGS). One example of such memory: trim_low_memory_range() unconditionally reserves from pfn 0, but e820__memblock_setup() might provide the exiting memory from pfn 1 (i.e. KVM). Since struct pages are zeroed in __init_single_page(), and not during allocation time, we must zero such struct pages explicitly. The patch involves adding a new memblock iterator: for_each_resv_unavail_range(i, p_start, p_end) Which iterates through reserved && !memory lists, and we zero struct pages explicitly by calling mm_zero_struct_page(). === Here is more detailed example of problem that this patch is addressing: Run tested on qemu with the following arguments: -enable-kvm -cpu kvm64 -m 512 -smp 2 This patch reports that there are 98 unavailable pages. They are: pfn 0 and pfns in range [159, 255]. Note, trim_low_memory_range() reserves only pfns in range [0, 15], it does not reserve [159, 255] ones. e820__memblock_setup() reports linux that the following physical ranges are available: [1 , 158] [256, 130783] Notice, that exactly unavailable pfns are missing! Now, lets check what we have in zone 0: [1, 131039] pfn 0, is not part of the zone, but pfns [1, 158], are. However, the bigger problem we have if we do not initialize these struct pages is with memory hotplug. Because, that path operates at 2M boundaries (section_nr). And checks if 2M range of pages is hot removable. It starts with first pfn from zone, rounds it down to 2M boundary (sturct pages are allocated at 2M boundaries when vmemmap is created), and checks if that section is hot removable. In this case start with pfn 1 and convert it down to pfn 0. Later pfn is converted to struct page, and some fields are checked. Now, if we do not zero struct pages, we get unpredictable results. In fact when CONFIG_VM_DEBUG is enabled, and we explicitly set all vmemmap memory to ones, the following panic is observed with kernel test without this patch applied: BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at (null) IP: is_pageblock_removable_nolock+0x35/0x90 PGD 0 P4D 0 Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT ... task: ffff88001f4e2900 task.stack: ffffc90000314000 RIP: 0010:is_pageblock_removable_nolock+0x35/0x90 Call Trace: ? is_mem_section_removable+0x5a/0xd0 show_mem_removable+0x6b/0xa0 dev_attr_show+0x1b/0x50 sysfs_kf_seq_show+0xa1/0x100 kernfs_seq_show+0x22/0x30 seq_read+0x1ac/0x3a0 kernfs_fop_read+0x36/0x190 ? security_file_permission+0x90/0xb0 __vfs_read+0x16/0x30 vfs_read+0x81/0x130 SyS_read+0x44/0xa0 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x1f/0xbd Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171013173214.27300-7-pasha.tatashin@oracle.com Signed-off-by: Pavel Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Steven Sistare <steven.sistare@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@oracle.com> Tested-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@oracle.com> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com> Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org> Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-11-16mm/memblock.c: make the index explicit argument of for_each_memblock_typeGioh Kim1-4/+4
for_each_memblock_type macro function relies on idx variable defined in the caller context. Silent macro arguments are almost always wrong thing to do. They make code harder to read and easier to get wrong. Let's use an explicit iterator parameter for for_each_memblock_type and make the code more obious. This patch is a mere cleanup and it shouldn't introduce any functional change. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170913133029.28911-1-gi-oh.kim@profitbricks.com Signed-off-by: Gioh Kim <gi-oh.kim@profitbricks.com> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-08-19mm: discard memblock data laterPavel Tatashin1-2/+4
There is existing use after free bug when deferred struct pages are enabled: The memblock_add() allocates memory for the memory array if more than 128 entries are needed. See comment in e820__memblock_setup(): * The bootstrap memblock region count maximum is 128 entries * (INIT_MEMBLOCK_REGIONS), but EFI might pass us more E820 entries * than that - so allow memblock resizing. This memblock memory is freed here: free_low_memory_core_early() We access the freed memblock.memory later in boot when deferred pages are initialized in this path: deferred_init_memmap() for_each_mem_pfn_range() __next_mem_pfn_range() type = &memblock.memory; One possible explanation for why this use-after-free hasn't been hit before is that the limit of INIT_MEMBLOCK_REGIONS has never been exceeded at least on systems where deferred struct pages were enabled. Tested by reducing INIT_MEMBLOCK_REGIONS down to 4 from the current 128, and verifying in qemu that this code is getting excuted and that the freed pages are sane. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1502485554-318703-2-git-send-email-pasha.tatashin@oracle.com Fixes: 7e18adb4f80b ("mm: meminit: initialise remaining struct pages in parallel with kswapd") Signed-off-by: Pavel Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Steven Sistare <steven.sistare@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Bob Picco <bob.picco@oracle.com> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-07-07mm, memory_hotplug: move movable_node to the hotplug properMichal Hocko1-7/+0
movable_node_is_enabled is defined in memblock proper while it is initialized from the memory hotplug proper. This is quite messy and it makes a dependency between the two so move movable_node along with the helper functions to memory_hotplug. To make it more entertaining the kernel parameter is ignored unless CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP=y because we do not have the node information for each memblock otherwise. So let's warn when the option is disabled. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170529114141.536-4-mhocko@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Acked-by: Reza Arbab <arbab@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <yasu.isimatu@gmail.com> Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com> Cc: Kani Toshimitsu <toshi.kani@hpe.com> Cc: Chen Yucong <slaoub@gmail.com> Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Daniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com> Cc: Igor Mammedov <imammedo@redhat.com> Cc: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-07-07mm, memory_hotplug: drop CONFIG_MOVABLE_NODEMichal Hocko1-18/+0
Commit 20b2f52b73fe ("numa: add CONFIG_MOVABLE_NODE for movable-dedicated node") has introduced CONFIG_MOVABLE_NODE without a good explanation on why it is actually useful. It makes a lot of sense to make movable node semantic opt in but we already have that because the feature has to be explicitly enabled on the kernel command line. A config option on top only makes the configuration space larger without a good reason. It also adds an additional ifdefery that pollutes the code. Just drop the config option and make it de-facto always enabled. This shouldn't introduce any change to the semantic. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170529114141.536-3-mhocko@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Acked-by: Reza Arbab <arbab@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Cc: Jerome Glisse <jglisse@redhat.com> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <yasu.isimatu@gmail.com> Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com> Cc: Kani Toshimitsu <toshi.kani@hpe.com> Cc: Chen Yucong <slaoub@gmail.com> Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Daniel Kiper <daniel.kiper@oracle.com> Cc: Igor Mammedov <imammedo@redhat.com> Cc: Vitaly Kuznetsov <vkuznets@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-06-03mm: consider memblock reservations for deferred memory initialization sizingMichal Hocko1-0/+8
We have seen an early OOM killer invocation on ppc64 systems with crashkernel=4096M: kthreadd invoked oom-killer: gfp_mask=0x16040c0(GFP_KERNEL|__GFP_COMP|__GFP_NOTRACK), nodemask=7, order=0, oom_score_adj=0 kthreadd cpuset=/ mems_allowed=7 CPU: 0 PID: 2 Comm: kthreadd Not tainted 4.4.68-1.gd7fe927-default #1 Call Trace: dump_stack+0xb0/0xf0 (unreliable) dump_header+0xb0/0x258 out_of_memory+0x5f0/0x640 __alloc_pages_nodemask+0xa8c/0xc80 kmem_getpages+0x84/0x1a0 fallback_alloc+0x2a4/0x320 kmem_cache_alloc_node+0xc0/0x2e0 copy_process.isra.25+0x260/0x1b30 _do_fork+0x94/0x470 kernel_thread+0x48/0x60 kthreadd+0x264/0x330 ret_from_kernel_thread+0x5c/0xa4 Mem-Info: active_anon:0 inactive_anon:0 isolated_anon:0 active_file:0 inactive_file:0 isolated_file:0 unevictable:0 dirty:0 writeback:0 unstable:0 slab_reclaimable:5 slab_unreclaimable:73 mapped:0 shmem:0 pagetables:0 bounce:0 free:0 free_pcp:0 free_cma:0 Node 7 DMA free:0kB min:0kB low:0kB high:0kB active_anon:0kB inactive_anon:0kB active_file:0kB inactive_file:0kB unevictable:0kB isolated(anon):0kB isolated(file):0kB present:52428800kB managed:110016kB mlocked:0kB dirty:0kB writeback:0kB mapped:0kB shmem:0kB slab_reclaimable:320kB slab_unreclaimable:4672kB kernel_stack:1152kB pagetables:0kB unstable:0kB bounce:0kB free_pcp:0kB local_pcp:0kB free_cma:0kB writeback_tmp:0kB pages_scanned:0 all_unreclaimable? yes lowmem_reserve[]: 0 0 0 0 Node 7 DMA: 0*64kB 0*128kB 0*256kB 0*512kB 0*1024kB 0*2048kB 0*4096kB 0*8192kB 0*16384kB = 0kB 0 total pagecache pages 0 pages in swap cache Swap cache stats: add 0, delete 0, find 0/0 Free swap = 0kB Total swap = 0kB 819200 pages RAM 0 pages HighMem/MovableOnly 817481 pages reserved 0 pages cma reserved 0 pages hwpoisoned the reason is that the managed memory is too low (only 110MB) while the rest of the the 50GB is still waiting for the deferred intialization to be done. update_defer_init estimates the initial memoty to initialize to 2GB at least but it doesn't consider any memory allocated in that range. In this particular case we've had Reserving 4096MB of memory at 128MB for crashkernel (System RAM: 51200MB) so the low 2GB is mostly depleted. Fix this by considering memblock allocations in the initial static initialization estimation. Move the max_initialise to reset_deferred_meminit and implement a simple memblock_reserved_memory helper which iterates all reserved blocks and sums the size of all that start below the given address. The cumulative size is than added on top of the initial estimation. This is still not ideal because reset_deferred_meminit doesn't consider holes and so reservation might be above the initial estimation whihch we ignore but let's make the logic simpler until we really need to handle more complicated cases. Fixes: 3a80a7fa7989 ("mm: meminit: initialise a subset of struct pages if CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT is set") Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170531104010.GI27783@dhcp22.suse.cz Signed-off-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Tested-by: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [4.2+] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-04-05memblock: add memblock_cap_memory_range()AKASHI Takahiro1-0/+1
Add memblock_cap_memory_range() which will remove all the memblock regions except the memory range specified in the arguments. In addition, rework is done on memblock_mem_limit_remove_map() to re-implement it using memblock_cap_memory_range(). This function, like memblock_mem_limit_remove_map(), will not remove memblocks with MEMMAP_NOMAP attribute as they may be mapped and accessed later as "device memory." See the commit a571d4eb55d8 ("mm/memblock.c: add new infrastructure to address the mem limit issue"). This function is used, in a succeeding patch in the series of arm64 kdump suuport, to limit the range of usable memory, or System RAM, on crash dump kernel. (Please note that "mem=" parameter is of little use for this purpose.) Signed-off-by: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org> Reviewed-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Acked-by: Dennis Chen <dennis.chen@arm.com> Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
2017-04-05memblock: add memblock_clear_nomap()AKASHI Takahiro1-0/+1
This function, with a combination of memblock_mark_nomap(), will be used in a later kdump patch for arm64 when it temporarily isolates some range of memory from the other memory blocks in order to create a specific kernel mapping at boot time. Signed-off-by: AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@linaro.org> Reviewed-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
2017-02-25memblock: embed memblock type name within struct memblock_typeHeiko Carstens1-0/+1
Provide the name of each memblock type with struct memblock_type. This allows to get rid of the function memblock_type_name() and duplicating the type names in __memblock_dump_all(). The only memblock_type usage out of mm/memblock.c seems to be arch/s390/kernel/crash_dump.c. While at it, give it a name. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170120123456.46508-4-heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com> Cc: Philipp Hachtmann <phacht@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-02-23mm: page_alloc: skip over regions of invalid pfns where possiblePaul Burton1-0/+1
When using a sparse memory model memmap_init_zone() when invoked with the MEMMAP_EARLY context will skip over pages which aren't valid - ie. which aren't in a populated region of the sparse memory map. However if the memory map is extremely sparse then it can spend a long time linearly checking each PFN in a large non-populated region of the memory map & skipping it in turn. When CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP is enabled, we have sufficient information to quickly discover the next valid PFN given an invalid one by searching through the list of memory regions & skipping forwards to the first PFN covered by the memory region to the right of the non-populated region. Implement this in order to speed up memmap_init_zone() for systems with extremely sparse memory maps. James said "I have tested this patch on a virtual model of a Samurai CPU with a sparse memory map. The kernel boot time drops from 109 to 62 seconds. " Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161125185518.29885-1-paul.burton@imgtec.com Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Tested-by: James Hartley <james.hartley@imgtec.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-10-08mm/memblock.c: expose total reserved memorySrikar Dronamraju1-0/+1
The total reserved memory in a system is accounted but not available for use use outside mm/memblock.c. By exposing the total reserved memory, systems can better calculate the size of large hashes. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1472476010-4709-3-git-send-email-srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Suggested-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net> Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org> Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> Cc: Mahesh Salgaonkar <mahesh@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Hari Bathini <hbathini@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-07-29mm/memblock.c: add new infrastructure to address the mem limit issueDennis Chen1-0/+1
In some cases, memblock is queried by kernel to determine whether a specified address is RAM or not. For example, the ACPI core needs this information to determine which attributes to use when mapping ACPI regions(acpi_os_ioremap). Use of incorrect memory types can result in faults, data corruption, or other issues. Removing memory with memblock_enforce_memory_limit() throws away this information, and so a kernel booted with 'mem=' may suffer from the issues described above. To avoid this, we need to keep those NOMAP regions instead of removing all above the limit, which preserves the information we need while preventing other use of those regions. This patch adds new infrastructure to retain all NOMAP memblock regions while removing others, to cater for this. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1468475036-5852-2-git-send-email-dennis.chen@arm.com Signed-off-by: Dennis Chen <dennis.chen@arm.com> Acked-by: Steve Capper <steve.capper@arm.com> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net> Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael@kernel.org> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: Matt Fleming <matt@codeblueprint.co.uk> Cc: Kaly Xin <kaly.xin@arm.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-07-27include/linux/memblock.h: Clean up code for several trivial detailsChen Gang1-11/+9
Correct the function parameters alignment, since original code already use both tabs and white spaces together for the incorrect parameters alignment functions. If one line can hold one statement within 80 columns, let it in one line (original code did not consider about the tabs/spaces for 2nd line when a statement is separated into 2 lines). Try to let '' aligned within one macro, since all related lines are short enough. Remove useless statement "idx = 0;", and always assign rgn within the 'for' statement. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1464904899-1714-1-git-send-email-chengang@emindsoft.com.cn Signed-off-by: Chen Gang <gang.chen.5i5j@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-01-16memblock: fix section mismatchKirill A. Shutemov1-9/+9
allmodconfig produces following warning for me: WARNING: vmlinux.o(.text.unlikely+0x10314): Section mismatch in reference from the function movable_node_is_enabled() to the variable .meminit.data:movable_node_enabled The function movable_node_is_enabled() references the variable __meminitdata movable_node_enabled. This is often because movable_node_is_enabled lacks a __meminitdata annotation or the annotation of movable_node_enabled is wrong. Let's mark the function with __meminit. It fixes the warning. Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-01-15include/linux/memblock.h: fix ordering of 'flags' argument in commentsFlorian Fainelli1-2/+2
for_each_free_mem_range() and for_each_free_mem_range_reverse() both accept a 'flags' argument, the comment surrounding the macro placed the 'flags' documentation at the very end, while 'flags' is in fact the 3rd argument to the macro, so let's preserve natural ordering here. Fixes: fc6daaf931518 ("mm/memblock: add extra "flags" to memblock to allow selection of memory based on attribute") Signed-off-by: Florian Fainelli <f.fainelli@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-01-15mm/memblock: introduce for_each_memblock_type()Alexander Kuleshov1-0/+5
We already have the for_each_memblock() macro in <linux/memblock.h> which provides ability to iterate over memblock regions of a known type. The for_each_memblock() macro allows us to pass the pointer to the struct memblock_type, instead we need to pass name of the type. This patch introduces a new macro for_each_memblock_type() which allows us iterate over memblock regions with the given type when the type is unknown. Signed-off-by: Alexander Kuleshov <kuleshovmail@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-01-15mm/memblock.c: memblock_is_memory()/reserved() can be booleanYaowei Bai1-2/+2
Make memblock_is_memory() and memblock_is_reserved return bool to improve readability due to these particular functions only using either one or zero as their return value. No functional change. Signed-off-by: Yaowei Bai <baiyaowei@cmss.chinamobile.com> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-12-09mm/memblock: add MEMBLOCK_NOMAP attribute to memblock memory tableArd Biesheuvel1-0/+8
This introduces the MEMBLOCK_NOMAP attribute and the required plumbing to make it usable as an indicator that some parts of normal memory should not be covered by the kernel direct mapping. It is up to the arch to actually honor the attribute when laying out this mapping, but the memblock code itself is modified to disregard these regions for allocations and other general use. Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org Cc: Alexander Kuleshov <kuleshovmail@gmail.com> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Reviewed-by: Matt Fleming <matt@codeblueprint.co.uk> Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
2015-11-06mm/memblock: make memblock_remove_range() staticAlexander Kuleshov1-4/+0
memblock_remove_range() is only used in the mm/memblock.c, so we can make it static. Signed-off-by: Alexander Kuleshov <kuleshovmail@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-09-09mem-hotplug: handle node hole when initializing numa_meminfo.Tang Chen1-0/+2
When parsing SRAT, all memory ranges are added into numa_meminfo. In numa_init(), before entering numa_cleanup_meminfo(), all possible memory ranges are in numa_meminfo. And numa_cleanup_meminfo() removes all ranges over max_pfn or empty. But, this only works if the nodes are continuous. Let's have a look at the following example: We have an SRAT like this: SRAT: Node 0 PXM 0 [mem 0x00000000-0x5fffffff] SRAT: Node 0 PXM 0 [mem 0x100000000-0x1ffffffffff] SRAT: Node 1 PXM 1 [mem 0x20000000000-0x3ffffffffff] SRAT: Node 4 PXM 2 [mem 0x40000000000-0x5ffffffffff] hotplug SRAT: Node 5 PXM 3 [mem 0x60000000000-0x7ffffffffff] hotplug SRAT: Node 2 PXM 4 [mem 0x80000000000-0x9ffffffffff] hotplug SRAT: Node 3 PXM 5 [mem 0xa0000000000-0xbffffffffff] hotplug SRAT: Node 6 PXM 6 [mem 0xc0000000000-0xdffffffffff] hotplug SRAT: Node 7 PXM 7 [mem 0xe0000000000-0xfffffffffff] hotplug On boot, only node 0,1,2,3 exist. And the numa_meminfo will look like this: numa_meminfo.nr_blks = 9 1. on node 0: [0, 60000000] 2. on node 0: [100000000, 20000000000] 3. on node 1: [20000000000, 40000000000] 4. on node 4: [40000000000, 60000000000] 5. on node 5: [60000000000, 80000000000] 6. on node 2: [80000000000, a0000000000] 7. on node 3: [a0000000000, a0800000000] 8. on node 6: [c0000000000, a0800000000] 9. on node 7: [e0000000000, a0800000000] And numa_cleanup_meminfo() will merge 1 and 2, and remove 8,9 because the end address is over max_pfn, which is a0800000000. But 4 and 5 are not removed because their end addresses are less then max_pfn. But in fact, node 4 and 5 don't exist. In a word, numa_cleanup_meminfo() is not able to handle holes between nodes. Since memory ranges in node 4 and 5 are in numa_meminfo, in numa_register_memblks(), node 4 and 5 will be mistakenly set to online. If you run lscpu, it will show: NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-14,128-142 NUMA node1 CPU(s): 15-29,143-157 NUMA node2 CPU(s): NUMA node3 CPU(s): NUMA node4 CPU(s): 62-76,190-204 NUMA node5 CPU(s): 78-92,206-220 In this patch, we use memblock_overlaps_region() to check if ranges in numa_meminfo overlap with ranges in memory_block. Since memory_block contains all available memory at boot time, if they overlap, it means the ranges exist. If not, then remove them from numa_meminfo. After this patch, lscpu will show: NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-14,128-142 NUMA node1 CPU(s): 15-29,143-157 NUMA node4 CPU(s): 62-76,190-204 NUMA node5 CPU(s): 78-92,206-220 Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com> Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Cc: Vladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com> Cc: Fabian Frederick <fabf@skynet.be> Cc: Alexander Kuleshov <kuleshovmail@gmail.com> Cc: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-09-09mm/memblock.c: make memblock_overlaps_region() return bool.Tang Chen1-1/+1
memblock_overlaps_region() checks if the given memblock region intersects a region in memblock. If so, it returns the index of the intersected region. But its only caller is memblock_is_region_reserved(), and it returns 0 if false, non-zero if true. Both of these should return bool. Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Luiz Capitulino <lcapitulino@redhat.com> Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Cc: Vladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com> Cc: Fabian Frederick <fabf@skynet.be> Cc: Alexander Kuleshov <kuleshovmail@gmail.com> Cc: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-07-01memblock: introduce a for_each_reserved_mem_region iteratorRobin Holt1-0/+18
Struct page initialisation had been identified as one of the reasons why large machines take a long time to boot. Patches were posted a long time ago to defer initialisation until they were first used. This was rejected on the grounds it should not be necessary to hurt the fast paths. This series reuses much of the work from that time but defers the initialisation of memory to kswapd so that one thread per node initialises memory local to that node. After applying the series and setting the appropriate Kconfig variable I see this in the boot log on a 64G machine [ 7.383764] kswapd 0 initialised deferred memory in 188ms [ 7.404253] kswapd 1 initialised deferred memory in 208ms [ 7.411044] kswapd 3 initialised deferred memory in 216ms [ 7.411551] kswapd 2 initialised deferred memory in 216ms On a 1TB machine, I see [ 8.406511] kswapd 3 initialised deferred memory in 1116ms [ 8.428518] kswapd 1 initialised deferred memory in 1140ms [ 8.435977] kswapd 0 initialised deferred memory in 1148ms [ 8.437416] kswapd 2 initialised deferred memory in 1148ms Once booted the machine appears to work as normal. Boot times were measured from the time shutdown was called until ssh was available again. In the 64G case, the boot time savings are negligible. On the 1TB machine, the savings were 16 seconds. Nate Zimmer said: : On an older 8 TB box with lots and lots of cpus the boot time, as : measure from grub to login prompt, the boot time improved from 1484 : seconds to exactly 1000 seconds. Waiman Long said: : I ran a bootup timing test on a 12-TB 16-socket IvyBridge-EX system. From : grub menu to ssh login, the bootup time was 453s before the patch and 265s : after the patch - a saving of 188s (42%). Daniel Blueman said: : On a 7TB, 1728-core NumaConnect system with 108 NUMA nodes, we're seeing : stock 4.0 boot in 7136s. This drops to 2159s, or a 70% reduction with : this patchset. Non-temporal PMD init (https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/4/23/350) : drops this to 1045s. This patch (of 13): As part of initializing struct page's in 2MiB chunks, we noticed that at the end of free_all_bootmem(), there was nothing which had forced the reserved/allocated 4KiB pages to be initialized. This helper function will be used for that expansion. Signed-off-by: Robin Holt <holt@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Nate Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Tested-by: Nate Zimmer <nzimmer@sgi.com> Tested-by: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com> Tested-by: Daniel J Blueman <daniel@numascale.com> Acked-by: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org> Cc: Robin Holt <robinmholt@gmail.com> Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Waiman Long <waiman.long@hp.com> Cc: Scott Norton <scott.norton@hp.com> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-06-25mm/memblock: allocate boot time data structures from mirrored memoryTony Luck1-0/+8
Try to allocate all boot time kernel data structures from mirrored memory. If we run out of mirrored memory print warnings, but fall back to using non-mirrored memory to make sure that we still boot. By number of bytes, most of what we allocate at boot time is the page structures. 64 bytes per 4K page on x86_64 ... or about 1.5% of total system memory. For workloads where the bulk of memory is allocated to applications this may represent a useful improvement to system availability since 1.5% of total memory might be a third of the memory allocated to the kernel. Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com> Cc: Hanjun Guo <guohanjun@huawei.com> Cc: Xiexiuqi <xiexiuqi@huawei.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <nao.horiguchi@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-06-25mm/memblock: add extra "flags" to memblock to allow selection of memory ↵Tony Luck1-15/+26
based on attribute Some high end Intel Xeon systems report uncorrectable memory errors as a recoverable machine check. Linux has included code for some time to process these and just signal the affected processes (or even recover completely if the error was in a read only page that can be replaced by reading from disk). But we have no recovery path for errors encountered during kernel code execution. Except for some very specific cases were are unlikely to ever be able to recover. Enter memory mirroring. Actually 3rd generation of memory mirroing. Gen1: All memory is mirrored Pro: No s/w enabling - h/w just gets good data from other side of the mirror Con: Halves effective memory capacity available to OS/applications Gen2: Partial memory mirror - just mirror memory begind some memory controllers Pro: Keep more of the capacity Con: Nightmare to enable. Have to choose between allocating from mirrored memory for safety vs. NUMA local memory for performance Gen3: Address range partial memory mirror - some mirror on each memory controller Pro: Can tune the amount of mirror and keep NUMA performance Con: I have to write memory management code to implement The current plan is just to use mirrored memory for kernel allocations. This has been broken into two phases: 1) This patch series - find the mirrored memory, use it for boot time allocations 2) Wade into mm/page_alloc.c and define a ZONE_MIRROR to pick up the unused mirrored memory from mm/memblock.c and only give it out to select kernel allocations (this is still being scoped because page_alloc.c is scary). This patch (of 3): Add extra "flags" to memblock to allow selection of memory based on attribute. No functional changes Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com> Cc: Hanjun Guo <guohanjun@huawei.com> Cc: Xiexiuqi <xiexiuqi@huawei.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: Naoya Horiguchi <nao.horiguchi@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-04-15memtest: use phys_addr_t for physical addressesVladimir Murzin1-2/+2
Since memtest might be used by other architectures pass input parameters as phys_addr_t instead of long to prevent overflow. Signed-off-by: Vladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com> Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Tested-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2015-04-15mm: move memtest under mmVladimir Murzin1-0/+8
Memtest is a simple feature which fills the memory with a given set of patterns and validates memory contents, if bad memory regions is detected it reserves them via memblock API. Since memblock API is widely used by other architectures this feature can be enabled outside of x86 world. This patch set promotes memtest to live under generic mm umbrella and enables memtest feature for arm/arm64. It was reported that this patch set was useful for tracking down an issue with some errant DMA on an arm64 platform. This patch (of 6): There is nothing platform dependent in the core memtest code, so other platforms might benefit from this feature too. [linux@roeck-us.net: MEMTEST depends on MEMBLOCK] Signed-off-by: Vladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@arm.com> Acked-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> Tested-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk> Cc: Paul Bolle <pebolle@tiscali.nl> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-08-07include/linux/memblock.h: add __init to memblock_set_bottom_up()Fabian Frederick1-2/+2
memblock_set_bottom_up() is only called by __init cmdline_parse_movable_node() and __init numa_init(). Signed-off-by: Fabian Frederick <fabf@skynet.be> Reviewed-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-06-05memblock: introduce memblock_alloc_range()Akinobu Mita1-0/+2
This introduces memblock_alloc_range() which allocates memblock from the specified range of physical address. I would like to use this function to specify the location of CMA. Signed-off-by: Akinobu Mita <akinobu.mita@gmail.com> Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com> Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com> Cc: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org> Cc: Don Dutile <ddutile@redhat.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-05-20mm/memblock: add physical memory listPhilipp Hachtmann1-0/+4
Add the physmem list to the memblock structure. This list only exists if HAVE_MEMBLOCK_PHYS_MAP is selected and contains the unmodified list of physically available memory. It differs from the memblock memory list as it always contains all memory ranges even if the memory has been restricted, e.g. by use of the mem= kernel parameter. Signed-off-by: Philipp Hachtmann <phacht@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
2014-05-20mm/memblock: Do some refactoring, enhance APIPhilipp Hachtmann1-14/+61
Refactor the memblock code and extend the memblock API to make it more flexible. With the extended API it is simple to define and work with additional memory lists. The static functions memblock_add_region and __memblock_remove are renamed to memblock_add_range and meblock_remove_range and added to the memblock API. The __next_free_mem_range and __next_free_mem_range_rev functions are replaced with calls to the more generic list walkers __next_mem_range and __next_mem_range_rev. To walk an arbitrary memory list two new macros for_each_mem_range and for_each_mem_range_rev are added. These new macros are used to define for_each_free_mem_range and for_each_free_mem_range_reverse. Signed-off-by: Philipp Hachtmann <phacht@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Signed-off-by: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
2014-03-12ARM: 7993/1: mm/memblock: add memblock_get_current_limitLaura Abbott1-0/+2
Apart from setting the limit of memblock, it's also useful to be able to get the limit to avoid recalculating it every time. Add the function to do so. Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Acked-by: Santosh Shilimkar <santosh.shilimkar@ti.com> Acked-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Acked-by: Nicolas Pitre <nico@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Laura Abbott <lauraa@codeaurora.org> Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>
2014-01-24mm: free memblock.memory in free_all_bootmemPhilipp Hachtmann1-0/+1
When calling free_all_bootmem() the free areas under memblock's control are released to the buddy allocator. Additionally the reserved list is freed if it was reallocated by memblock. The same should apply for the memory list. Signed-off-by: Philipp Hachtmann <phacht@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com> Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-22mm/memblock: switch to use NUMA_NO_NODE instead of MAX_NUMNODESGrygorii Strashko1-2/+2
It's recommended to use NUMA_NO_NODE everywhere to select "process any node" behavior or to indicate that "no node id specified". Hence, update __next_free_mem_range*() API's to accept both NUMA_NO_NODE and MAX_NUMNODES, but emit warning once on MAX_NUMNODES, and correct corresponding API's documentation to describe new behavior. Also, update other memblock/nobootmem APIs where MAX_NUMNODES is used dirrectly. The change was suggested by Tejun Heo. Signed-off-by: Grygorii Strashko <grygorii.strashko@ti.com> Signed-off-by: Santosh Shilimkar <santosh.shilimkar@ti.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul@pwsan.com> Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz> Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk> Cc: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-22mm/memblock: reorder parameters of memblock_find_in_range_nodeGrygorii Strashko1-2/+3
Reorder parameters of memblock_find_in_range_node to be consistent with other memblock APIs. The change was suggested by Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>. Signed-off-by: Grygorii Strashko <grygorii.strashko@ti.com> Signed-off-by: Santosh Shilimkar <santosh.shilimkar@ti.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: Paul Walmsley <paul@pwsan.com> Cc: Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz> Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk> Cc: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-22memblock, mem_hotplug: make memblock skip hotpluggable regions if neededTang Chen1-0/+24
Linux kernel cannot migrate pages used by the kernel. As a result, hotpluggable memory used by the kernel won't be able to be hot-removed. To solve this problem, the basic idea is to prevent memblock from allocating hotpluggable memory for the kernel at early time, and arrange all hotpluggable memory in ACPI SRAT(System Resource Affinity Table) as ZONE_MOVABLE when initializing zones. In the previous patches, we have marked hotpluggable memory regions with MEMBLOCK_HOTPLUG flag in memblock.memory. In this patch, we make memblock skip these hotpluggable memory regions in the default top-down allocation function if movable_node boot option is specified. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Cc: Chen Tang <imtangchen@gmail.com> Cc: Gong Chen <gong.chen@linux.intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com> Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org> Cc: Liu Jiang <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de> Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com> Cc: Vasilis Liaskovitis <vasilis.liaskovitis@profitbricks.com> Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-22memblock: make memblock_set_node() support different memblock_typeTang Chen1-1/+2
[sfr@canb.auug.org.au: fix powerpc build] Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Cc: Chen Tang <imtangchen@gmail.com> Cc: Gong Chen <gong.chen@linux.intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com> Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org> Cc: Liu Jiang <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de> Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com> Cc: Vasilis Liaskovitis <vasilis.liaskovitis@profitbricks.com> Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-22memblock, mem_hotplug: introduce MEMBLOCK_HOTPLUG flag to mark hotpluggable ↵Tang Chen1-0/+17
regions In find_hotpluggable_memory, once we find out a memory region which is hotpluggable, we want to mark them in memblock.memory. So that we could control memblock allocator not to allocte hotpluggable memory for the kernel later. To achieve this goal, we introduce MEMBLOCK_HOTPLUG flag to indicate the hotpluggable memory regions in memblock and a function memblock_mark_hotplug() to mark hotpluggable memory if we find one. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Cc: Chen Tang <imtangchen@gmail.com> Cc: Gong Chen <gong.chen@linux.intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com> Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org> Cc: Liu Jiang <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de> Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com> Cc: Vasilis Liaskovitis <vasilis.liaskovitis@profitbricks.com> Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-01-22memblock, numa: introduce flags field into memblockTang Chen1-0/+1
There is no flag in memblock to describe what type the memory is. Sometimes, we may use memblock to reserve some memory for special usage. And we want to know what kind of memory it is. So we need a way to In hotplug environment, we want to reserve hotpluggable memory so the kernel won't be able to use it. And when the system is up, we have to free these hotpluggable memory to buddy. So we need to mark these memory first. In order to do so, we need to mark out these special memory in memblock. In this patch, we introduce a new "flags" member into memblock_region: struct memblock_region { phys_addr_t base; phys_addr_t size; unsigned long flags; /* This is new. */ #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP int nid; #endif }; This patch does the following things: 1) Add "flags" member to memblock_region. 2) Modify the following APIs' prototype: memblock_add_region() memblock_insert_region() 3) Add memblock_reserve_region() to support reserve memory with flags, and keep memblock_reserve()'s prototype unmodified. 4) Modify other APIs to support flags, but keep their prototype unmodified. The idea is from Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com> and Liu Jiang <jiang.liu@huawei.com>. Suggested-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com> Suggested-by: Liu Jiang <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl> Cc: Chen Tang <imtangchen@gmail.com> Cc: Gong Chen <gong.chen@linux.intel.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Larry Woodman <lwoodman@redhat.com> Cc: Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de> Cc: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com> Cc: Vasilis Liaskovitis <vasilis.liaskovitis@profitbricks.com> Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-11-13mm/memblock.c: introduce bottom-up allocation modeTang Chen1-0/+24
The Linux kernel cannot migrate pages used by the kernel. As a result, kernel pages cannot be hot-removed. So we cannot allocate hotpluggable memory for the kernel. ACPI SRAT (System Resource Affinity Table) contains the memory hotplug info. But before SRAT is parsed, memblock has already started to allocate memory for the kernel. So we need to prevent memblock from doing this. In a memory hotplug system, any numa node the kernel resides in should be unhotpluggable. And for a modern server, each node could have at least 16GB memory. So memory around the kernel image is highly likely unhotpluggable. So the basic idea is: Allocate memory from the end of the kernel image and to the higher memory. Since memory allocation before SRAT is parsed won't be too much, it could highly likely be in the same node with kernel image. The current memblock can only allocate memory top-down. So this patch introduces a new bottom-up allocation mode to allocate memory bottom-up. And later when we use this allocation direction to allocate memory, we will limit the start address above the kernel. Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com> Acked-by: Toshi Kani <toshi.kani@hp.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com> Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Taku Izumi <izumi.taku@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de> Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-09-12memblock, numa: binary search node idYinghai Lu1-0/+2
Current early_pfn_to_nid() on arch that support memblock go over memblock.memory one by one, so will take too many try near the end. We can use existing memblock_search to find the node id for given pfn, that could save some time on bigger system that have many entries memblock.memory array. Here are the timing differences for several machines. In each case with the patch less time was spent in __early_pfn_to_nid(). 3.11-rc5 with patch difference (%) -------- ---------- -------------- UV1: 256 nodes 9TB: 411.66 402.47 -9.19 (2.23%) UV2: 255 nodes 16TB: 1141.02 1138.12 -2.90 (0.25%) UV2: 64 nodes 2TB: 128.15 126.53 -1.62 (1.26%) UV2: 32 nodes 2TB: 121.87 121.07 -0.80 (0.66%) Time in seconds. Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Acked-by: Russ Anderson <rja@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-03-02x86, ACPI, mm: Revert movablemem_map supportYinghai Lu1-2/+0
Tim found: WARNING: at arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c:324 topology_sane.isra.2+0x6f/0x80() Hardware name: S2600CP sched: CPU #1's llc-sibling CPU #0 is not on the same node! [node: 1 != 0]. Ignoring dependency. smpboot: Booting Node 1, Processors #1 Modules linked in: Pid: 0, comm: swapper/1 Not tainted 3.9.0-0-generic #1 Call Trace: set_cpu_sibling_map+0x279/0x449 start_secondary+0x11d/0x1e5 Don Morris reproduced on a HP z620 workstation, and bisected it to commit e8d195525809 ("acpi, memory-hotplug: parse SRAT before memblock is ready") It turns out movable_map has some problems, and it breaks several things 1. numa_init is called several times, NOT just for srat. so those nodes_clear(numa_nodes_parsed) memset(&numa_meminfo, 0, sizeof(numa_meminfo)) can not be just removed. Need to consider sequence is: numaq, srat, amd, dummy. and make fall back path working. 2. simply split acpi_numa_init to early_parse_srat. a. that early_parse_srat is NOT called for ia64, so you break ia64. b. for (i = 0; i < MAX_LOCAL_APIC; i++) set_apicid_to_node(i, NUMA_NO_NODE) still left in numa_init. So it will just clear result from early_parse_srat. it should be moved before that.... c. it breaks ACPI_TABLE_OVERIDE...as the acpi table scan is moved early before override from INITRD is settled. 3. that patch TITLE is total misleading, there is NO x86 in the title, but it changes critical x86 code. It caused x86 guys did not pay attention to find the problem early. Those patches really should be routed via tip/x86/mm. 4. after that commit, following range can not use movable ram: a. real_mode code.... well..funny, legacy Node0 [0,1M) could be hot-removed? b. initrd... it will be freed after booting, so it could be on movable... c. crashkernel for kdump...: looks like we can not put kdump kernel above 4G anymore. d. init_mem_mapping: can not put page table high anymore. e. initmem_init: vmemmap can not be high local node anymore. That is not good. If node is hotplugable, the mem related range like page table and vmemmap could be on the that node without problem and should be on that node. We have workaround patch that could fix some problems, but some can not be fixed. So just remove that offending commit and related ones including: f7210e6c4ac7 ("mm/memblock.c: use CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP to protect movablecore_map in memblock_overlaps_region().") 01a178a94e8e ("acpi, memory-hotplug: support getting hotplug info from SRAT") 27168d38fa20 ("acpi, memory-hotplug: extend movablemem_map ranges to the end of node") e8d195525809 ("acpi, memory-hotplug: parse SRAT before memblock is ready") fb06bc8e5f42 ("page_alloc: bootmem limit with movablecore_map") 42f47e27e761 ("page_alloc: make movablemem_map have higher priority") 6981ec31146c ("page_alloc: introduce zone_movable_limit[] to keep movable limit for nodes") 34b71f1e04fc ("page_alloc: add movable_memmap kernel parameter") 4d59a75125d5 ("x86: get pg_data_t's memory from other node") Later we should have patches that will make sure kernel put page table and vmemmap on local node ram instead of push them down to node0. Also need to find way to put other kernel used ram to local node ram. Reported-by: Tim Gardner <tim.gardner@canonical.com> Reported-by: Don Morris <don.morris@hp.com> Bisected-by: Don Morris <don.morris@hp.com> Tested-by: Don Morris <don.morris@hp.com> Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Thomas Renninger <trenn@suse.de> Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-02-24mm/memblock.c: use CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP to protect movablecore_map ↵Tang Chen1-0/+1
in memblock_overlaps_region(). The definition of struct movablecore_map is protected by CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP but its use in memblock_overlaps_region() is not. So add CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP to protect the use of movablecore_map in memblock_overlaps_region(). Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-02-24page_alloc: bootmem limit with movablecore_mapTang Chen1-0/+1
Ensure the bootmem will not allocate memory from areas that may be ZONE_MOVABLE. The map info is from movablecore_map boot option. Signed-off-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com> Reviewed-by: Lai Jiangshan <laijs@cn.fujitsu.com> Tested-by: Lin Feng <linfeng@cn.fujitsu.com> Cc: Wu Jianguo <wujianguo@huawei.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-01-30memblock: Add memblock_mem_size()Yinghai Lu1-0/+1
Use it to get mem size under the limit_pfn. to replace local version in x86 reserved_initrd. -v2: remove not needed cast that is pointed out by HPA. Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1359058816-7615-29-git-send-email-yinghai@kernel.org Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com>
2012-10-24x86, mm: Trim memory in memblock to be page alignedYinghai Lu1-0/+1
We will not map partial pages, so need to make sure memblock allocation will not allocate those bytes out. Also we will use for_each_mem_pfn_range() to loop to map memory range to keep them consistent. Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CAE9FiQVZirvaBMFYRfXMmWEcHbKSicQEHz4VAwUv0xFCk51ZNw@mail.gmail.com Acked-by: Jacob Shin <jacob.shin@amd.com> Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@linux.intel.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
2012-10-09mm/memblock: cleanup early_node_map[] related commentsWanpeng Li1-2/+1
Commit 0ee332c14518 ("memblock: Kill early_node_map[]") removed early_node_map[]. Clean up the comments to comply with that change. Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz> Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: Gavin Shan <shangw@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2012-07-12memblock: free allocated memblock_reserved_regions laterYinghai Lu1-3/+1
memblock_free_reserved_regions() calls memblock_free(), but memblock_free() would double reserved.regions too, so we could free the old range for reserved.regions. Also tj said there is another bug which could be related to this. | I don't think we're saving any noticeable | amount by doing this "free - give it to page allocator - reserve | again" dancing. We should just allocate regions aligned to page | boundaries and free them later when memblock is no longer in use. in that case, when DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, will get panic: memblock_free: [0x0000102febc080-0x0000102febf080] memblock_free_reserved_regions+0x37/0x39 BUG: unable to handle kernel paging request at ffff88102febd948 IP: [<ffffffff836a5774>] __next_free_mem_range+0x9b/0x155 PGD 4826063 PUD cf67a067 PMD cf7fa067 PTE 800000102febd160 Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP DEBUG_PAGEALLOC CPU 0 Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 3.5.0-rc2-next-20120614-sasha #447 RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff836a5774>] [<ffffffff836a5774>] __next_free_mem_range+0x9b/0x155 See the discussion at https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/13/469 So try to allocate with PAGE_SIZE alignment and free it later. Reported-by: Sasha Levin <levinsasha928@gmail.com> Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Signed-off-by: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2011-12-08memblock: Reimplement memblock allocation using reverse free area iteratorTejun Heo1-2/+22
Now that all early memory information is in memblock when enabled, we can implement reverse free area iterator and use it to implement NUMA aware allocator which is then wrapped for simpler variants instead of the confusing and inefficient mending of information in separate NUMA aware allocator. Implement for_each_free_mem_range_reverse(), use it to reimplement memblock_find_in_range_node() which in turn is used by all allocators. The visible allocator interface is inconsistent and can probably use some cleanup too. Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
2011-12-08memblock: Kill early_node_map[]Tejun Heo1-3/+20
Now all ARCH_POPULATES_NODE_MAP archs select HAVE_MEBLOCK_NODE_MAP - there's no user of early_node_map[] left. Kill early_node_map[] and replace ARCH_POPULATES_NODE_MAP with HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP. Also, relocate for_each_mem_pfn_range() and helper from mm.h to memblock.h as page_alloc.c would no longer host an alternative implementation. This change is ultimately one to one mapping and shouldn't cause any observable difference; however, after the recent changes, there are some functions which now would fit memblock.c better than page_alloc.c and dependency on HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP instead of HAVE_MEMBLOCK doesn't make much sense on some of them. Further cleanups for functions inside HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP in mm.h would be nice. -v2: Fix compile bug introduced by mis-spelling CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP to CONFIG_MEMBLOCK_HAVE_NODE_MAP in mmzone.h. Reported by Stephen Rothwell. Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org> Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Chen Liqin <liqin.chen@sunplusct.com> Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
2011-12-08memblock: Implement memblock_add_node()Tejun Heo1-0/+1
Implement memblock_add_node() which can add a new memblock memory region with specific node ID. Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>