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2015-02-14kasan: add kernel address sanitizer infrastructureAndrey Ryabinin1-0/+10
Kernel Address sanitizer (KASan) is a dynamic memory error detector. It provides fast and comprehensive solution for finding use-after-free and out-of-bounds bugs. KASAN uses compile-time instrumentation for checking every memory access, therefore GCC > v4.9.2 required. v4.9.2 almost works, but has issues with putting symbol aliases into the wrong section, which breaks kasan instrumentation of globals. This patch only adds infrastructure for kernel address sanitizer. It's not available for use yet. The idea and some code was borrowed from [1]. Basic idea: The main idea of KASAN is to use shadow memory to record whether each byte of memory is safe to access or not, and use compiler's instrumentation to check the shadow memory on each memory access. Address sanitizer uses 1/8 of the memory addressable in kernel for shadow memory and uses direct mapping with a scale and offset to translate a memory address to its corresponding shadow address. Here is function to translate address to corresponding shadow address: unsigned long kasan_mem_to_shadow(unsigned long addr) { return (addr >> KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT) + KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET; } where KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT = 3. So for every 8 bytes there is one corresponding byte of shadow memory. The following encoding used for each shadow byte: 0 means that all 8 bytes of the corresponding memory region are valid for access; k (1 <= k <= 7) means that the first k bytes are valid for access, and other (8 - k) bytes are not; Any negative value indicates that the entire 8-bytes are inaccessible. Different negative values used to distinguish between different kinds of inaccessible memory (redzones, freed memory) (see mm/kasan/kasan.h). To be able to detect accesses to bad memory we need a special compiler. Such compiler inserts a specific function calls (__asan_load*(addr), __asan_store*(addr)) before each memory access of size 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. These functions check whether memory region is valid to access or not by checking corresponding shadow memory. If access is not valid an error printed. Historical background of the address sanitizer from Dmitry Vyukov: "We've developed the set of tools, AddressSanitizer (Asan), ThreadSanitizer and MemorySanitizer, for user space. We actively use them for testing inside of Google (continuous testing, fuzzing, running prod services). To date the tools have found more than 10'000 scary bugs in Chromium, Google internal codebase and various open-source projects (Firefox, OpenSSL, gcc, clang, ffmpeg, MySQL and lots of others): [2] [3] [4]. The tools are part of both gcc and clang compilers. We have not yet done massive testing under the Kernel AddressSanitizer (it's kind of chicken and egg problem, you need it to be upstream to start applying it extensively). To date it has found about 50 bugs. Bugs that we've found in upstream kernel are listed in [5]. We've also found ~20 bugs in out internal version of the kernel. Also people from Samsung and Oracle have found some. [...] As others noted, the main feature of AddressSanitizer is its performance due to inline compiler instrumentation and simple linear shadow memory. User-space Asan has ~2x slowdown on computational programs and ~2x memory consumption increase. Taking into account that kernel usually consumes only small fraction of CPU and memory when running real user-space programs, I would expect that kernel Asan will have ~10-30% slowdown and similar memory consumption increase (when we finish all tuning). I agree that Asan can well replace kmemcheck. We have plans to start working on Kernel MemorySanitizer that finds uses of unitialized memory. Asan+Msan will provide feature-parity with kmemcheck. As others noted, Asan will unlikely replace debug slab and pagealloc that can be enabled at runtime. Asan uses compiler instrumentation, so even if it is disabled, it still incurs visible overheads. Asan technology is easily portable to other architectures. Compiler instrumentation is fully portable. Runtime has some arch-dependent parts like shadow mapping and atomic operation interception. They are relatively easy to port." Comparison with other debugging features: ======================================== KMEMCHECK: - KASan can do almost everything that kmemcheck can. KASan uses compile-time instrumentation, which makes it significantly faster than kmemcheck. The only advantage of kmemcheck over KASan is detection of uninitialized memory reads. Some brief performance testing showed that kasan could be x500-x600 times faster than kmemcheck: $ netperf -l 30 MIGRATED TCP STREAM TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 0 AF_INET Recv Send Send Socket Socket Message Elapsed Size Size Size Time Throughput bytes bytes bytes secs. 10^6bits/sec no debug: 87380 16384 16384 30.00 41624.72 kasan inline: 87380 16384 16384 30.00 12870.54 kasan outline: 87380 16384 16384 30.00 10586.39 kmemcheck: 87380 16384 16384 30.03 20.23 - Also kmemcheck couldn't work on several CPUs. It always sets number of CPUs to 1. KASan doesn't have such limitation. DEBUG_PAGEALLOC: - KASan is slower than DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, but KASan works on sub-page granularity level, so it able to find more bugs. SLUB_DEBUG (poisoning, redzones): - SLUB_DEBUG has lower overhead than KASan. - SLUB_DEBUG in most cases are not able to detect bad reads, KASan able to detect both reads and writes. - In some cases (e.g. redzone overwritten) SLUB_DEBUG detect bugs only on allocation/freeing of object. KASan catch bugs right before it will happen, so we always know exact place of first bad read/write. [1] https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/wiki/AddressSanitizerForKernel [2] https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/wiki/FoundBugs [3] https://code.google.com/p/thread-sanitizer/wiki/FoundBugs [4] https://code.google.com/p/memory-sanitizer/wiki/FoundBugs [5] https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/wiki/AddressSanitizerForKernel#Trophies Based on work by Andrey Konovalov. Signed-off-by: Andrey Ryabinin <a.ryabinin@samsung.com> Acked-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov <adech.fo@gmail.com> Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Cc: Konstantin Serebryany <kcc@google.com> Cc: Dmitry Chernenkov <dmitryc@google.com> Cc: Yuri Gribov <tetra2005@gmail.com> Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <koct9i@gmail.com> Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com> Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-10-21dts, kbuild: Factor out dtbs install rules to Makefile.dtbinstRobert Richter1-12/+0
Move dtbs install rules to Makefile.dtbinst. This change is needed to implement support for dts vendor subdirs. The change makes Makefiles easier and smaller as no longer the dtbs_install rule needs to be defined. Another advantage is that install goals are not encoded in targets anymore (%.dtb_dtbinst_). Signed-off-by: Robert Richter <rrichter@cavium.com>
2014-08-19kbuild: handle multi-objs dependency appropriatelyMasahiro Yamada1-0/+9
The comment in scripts/Makefile.build says as follows: We would rather have a list of rules like foo.o: $(foo-objs) but that's not so easy, so we rather make all composite objects depend on the set of all their parts This commit makes it possible! For example, assume a Makefile like this obj-m = foo.o bar.o foo-objs := foo1.o foo2.o bar-objs := bar1.o bar2.o Without this patch, foo.o depends on all of foo1.o foo2.o bar1.o bar2.o. It looks funny that foo.o is regenerated when bar1.c is updated. Now we can handle the dependency of foo.o and bar.o separately. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.m@jp.panasonic.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2014-04-30kbuild: trivial - remove trailing spacesMasahiro Yamada1-5/+5
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.m@jp.panasonic.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2014-04-08Merge branch 'kbuild' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-4/+0
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mmarek/kbuild Pull kbuild changes from Michal Marek: - cleanups in the main Makefiles and Documentation/DocBook/Makefile - make O=... directory is automatically created if needed - mrproper/distclean removes the old include/linux/version.h to make life easier when bisecting across the commit that moved the version.h file * 'kbuild' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mmarek/kbuild: kbuild: docbook: fix the include error when executing "make help" kbuild: create a build directory automatically for out-of-tree build kbuild: remove redundant '.*.cmd' pattern from make distclean kbuild: move "quote" to Kbuild.include to be consistent kbuild: docbook: use $(obj) and $(src) rather than specific path kbuild: unconditionally clobber include/linux/version.h on distclean kbuild: docbook: specify KERNELDOC dependency correctly kbuild: docbook: include cmd files more simply kbuild: specify build_docproc as a phony target
2014-03-30kbuild: move "quote" to Kbuild.include to be consistentMasahiro Yamada1-4/+0
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.m@jp.panasonic.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2014-03-04Merge tag 'v3.14-rc5' into HEADGrant Likely1-0/+1
Linux 3.14-rc5
2014-02-20kbuild: dtbs_install: new make targetJason Cooper1-0/+12
Unlike other build products in the Linux kernel, there is no 'make *install' mechanism to put devicetree blobs in a standard place. This commit adds a new 'dtbs_install' make target which copies all of the dtbs into the INSTALL_DTBS_PATH directory. INSTALL_DTBS_PATH can be set before calling make to change the default install directory. If not set then it defaults to: $INSTALL_PATH/dtbs/$KERNELRELEASE. This is done to keep dtbs from different kernel versions separate until things have settled down. Once the dtbs are stable, and not so strongly linked to the kernel version, the devicetree files will most likely move to their own repo. Users will need to upgrade install scripts at that time. v7: (reworked by Grant Likely) - Moved rules from arch/arm/Makefile to arch/arm/boot/dts/Makefile so that each dtb install could have a separate target and be reported as part of the make output. - Fixed dependency problem to ensure $KERNELRELEASE is calculated before attempting to install - Removed option to call external script. Copying the files should be sufficient and a build system can post-process the install directory. Despite the fact an external script is used for installing the kernel, I don't think that is a pattern that should be encouraged. I would rather see buildroot type tools post process the install directory to rename or move dtb files after installing to a staging directory. - Plus it is easy to add a hook after the fact without blocking the rest of this feature. - Move the helper targets into scripts/Makefile.lib with the rest of the common dtb rules Signed-off-by: Jason Cooper <jason@lakedaemon.net> Signed-off-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@linaro.org> Cc: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk> Cc: Rob Herring <robh+dt@kernel.org>
2014-02-20of: Move testcase FDT data into drivers/ofGrant Likely1-0/+1
The testcase data is usable by any platform. This patch moves it into the drivers/of directory so it can be included by any architecture. Using the test cases requires manually adding #include <testcases.dtsi> to the end of the boards .dtsi file and enabling CONFIG_OF_SELFTEST. Not pretty though. A useful project would be to make the testcase code easier to execute. Signed-off-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@linaro.org>
2013-07-11Merge branch 'kbuild' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-2/+2
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mmarek/kbuild Pull kbuild updates from Michal Marek: - fix for make headers_install argv explosion with too long path - scripts/setlocalversion does not call git update-index needlessly - fix for the src.rpm produced by make rpm-pkg. The new make image_name can be useful also for other packaging tools. - scripts/mod/devicetable-offsets.o is not rebuilt during each make run - make modules_install dependency fix - scripts/sortextable portability fix - fix for kbuild to generate the output directory for all object files in subdirs. - a couple of minor fixes * 'kbuild' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mmarek/kbuild: kbuild: create directory for dir/file.o tools/include: use stdint types for user-space byteshift headers Makefile: Fix install error with make -j option Fix a build warning in scripts/mod/file2alias.c improve modalias building scripts/mod: Spelling s/DEVICEVTABLE/DEVICETABLE/ kbuild: fix error when building from src rpm scripts/setlocalversion on write-protected source tree Makefile.lib: align DTB quiet_cmd kbuild: fix make headers_install when path is too long
2013-07-09lib: add support for LZ4-compressed kernelKyungsik Lee1-0/+5
Add support for extracting LZ4-compressed kernel images, as well as LZ4-compressed ramdisk images in the kernel boot process. Signed-off-by: Kyungsik Lee <kyungsik.lee@lge.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk> Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Florian Fainelli <florian@openwrt.org> Cc: Yann Collet <yann.collet.73@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2013-07-04kbuild: create directory for dir/file.o张忠山1-1/+1
When add a obj with dir to obj-y, like this obj-y += dir/file.o The $(obj)/dir not created, this patch fix this. When try to add a file(which in a subdir) to my board's obj-y, the build progress crashed. For example, I use at91rm9200ek board, and in kernel dir run: mkdir objtree make O=objtree at91rm9200_defconfig mkdir arch/arm/mach-at91/dir touch arch/arm/mach-at91/dir/file.c and edit arch/arm/mach-at91/dir/file.c to add some code. then edit arch/arm/mach-at91/Makefile, change the following line: obj-$(CONFIG_MACH_AT91RM9200EK) += board-rm9200ek.o to: obj-$(CONFIG_MACH_AT91RM9200EK) += board-rm9200ek.o dir/file.o Now build it: make O=objtree Then the error appears: ... CC arch/arm/mach-at91/board-rm9200dk.o CC arch/arm/mach-at91/board-rm9200ek.o CC arch/arm/mach-at91/dir/file.o linux-2.6/arch/arm/mach-at91/dir/file.c:5: fatal error: opening dependency file arch/arm/mach-at91/dir/.file.o.d: No such file or directory Check the objtree: LANG=en ls objtree/arch/arm/mach-at91/dir ls: cannot access objtree/arch/arm/mach-at91/dir: No such file or directory It's apparently that the target dir not created for file.o Check kbuild source code. It seems that kbuild create dirs for that in $(obj-dirs). But if the dir need not to create a built-in.o, It should never in $(obj-dirs). So I make this patch to make sure It in $(obj-dirs) this bug caused by commit f5fb976520a53f45f8bbf2e851f16b3b5558d485 Signed-off-by: 张忠山 <zzs0213@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2013-06-14kbuild: make sure we clean up DTB temporary filesIan Campbell1-4/+4
Various temporary files used when building DTB files were not suffixed with .tmp and therefore were not cleaned up by "make clean". Signed-off-by: Ian Campbell <ian.campbell@citrix.com> Reviewed-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Tested-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Signed-off-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@linaro.org>
2013-06-13Makefile.lib: align DTB quiet_cmdJames Hogan1-1/+1
The unaligned dtb.S filename in make output started to irritate me: DTC arch/metag/boot/dts/skeleton.dtb DTB arch/metag/boot/dts/skeleton.dtb.S AS arch/metag/boot/dts/skeleton.dtb.o LD arch/metag/boot/dts/built-in.o Add an extra space to quiet_cmd_dt_S_dtb so the dtb.S filename aligns with all the others. Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Cc: Dirk Brandewie <dirk.brandewie@gmail.com> Cc: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca> Cc: trivial@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2013-05-23kbuild: Don't assume dts files live in arch/*/boot/dtsMatthijs Kooijman1-1/+1
In commit b40b25ff (kbuild: always run gcc -E on *.dts, remove cmd_dtc_cpp), dts building was changed to always use the C preprocessor. This meant that the .dts file passed to dtc is not the original, but the preprocessed one. When compiling with a separate build directory (i.e., with O=), this preprocessed file will not live in the same directory as the original. When the .dts file includes .dtsi files, dtc will look for them in the build directory, not in the source directory and compilation will fail. The commit referenced above tried to fix this by passing arch/*/boot/dts as an include path to dtc. However, for mips, the .dts files are not in this directory, so dts compilation on mips breaks for some targets. Instead of hardcoding this particular include path, this commit just uses the directory of the .dts file that is being compiled, which effectively restores the previous behaviour wrt includes. For most .dts files, this path is just the same as the previous hardcoded arch/*/boot/dts path. This was tested on a mips (rt3052) and an arm (bcm2835) target. Signed-off-by: Matthijs Kooijman <matthijs@stdin.nl> Reviewed-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2013-05-05Merge tag 'modules-next-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-7/+0
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux Pull mudule updates from Rusty Russell: "We get rid of the general module prefix confusion with a binary config option, fix a remove/insert race which Never Happens, and (my favorite) handle the case when we have too many modules for a single commandline. Seriously, the kernel is full, please go away!" * tag 'modules-next-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux: modpost: fix unwanted VMLINUX_SYMBOL_STR expansion X.509: Support parse long form of length octets in Authority Key Identifier module: don't unlink the module until we've removed all exposure. kernel: kallsyms: memory override issue, need check destination buffer length MODSIGN: do not send garbage to stderr when enabling modules signature modpost: handle huge numbers of modules. modpost: add -T option to read module names from file/stdin. modpost: minor cleanup. genksyms: pass symbol-prefix instead of arch module: fix symbol versioning with symbol prefixes CONFIG_SYMBOL_PREFIX: cleanup.
2013-04-05kbuild: always run gcc -E on *.dts, remove cmd_dtc_cppStephen Warren1-9/+5
Replace cmd_dtc with cmd_dtc_cpp, and delete the latter. Previously, a special file extension (.dtsp) was required to trigger the C pre-processor to run on device tree files. This was ugly. Now that previous changes have enhanced cmd_dtc_cpp to collect dependency information from both gcc -E and dtc, we can transparently run the pre- processor on all device tree files, irrespective of whether they use /include/ or #include syntax to include *.dtsi. Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Acked-by: Rob Herring <rob.herring@calxeda.com>
2013-04-05kbuild: cmd_dtc_cpp: extract deps from both gcc -E and dtcStephen Warren1-2/+3
Prior to this change, when compiling *.dts to *.dtb, the dependency output from dtc would be used, and when compiling *.dtsp to *.dtb, the dependency output from gcc -E alone would be used, despite dtc also being invoked (on a temporary file that was guaranteed to have no dependencies). With this change, when compiling *.dtsp to *.dtb, the dependency files from both gcc -E and dtc are used. This will allow cmd_dtc_cpp to replace cmd_dtc in a future change. In turn, that will allow the C pre- processor to be run transparently on *.dts, without the need to a separate rule or file extension to trigger it. Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Acked-by: Rob Herring <rob.herring@calxeda.com>
2013-04-05kbuild: create an "include chroot" for DT bindingsStephen Warren1-1/+1
The recent dtc+cpp support allows header files and C pre-processor defines/macros to be used when compiling device tree files. These headers will typically define various constants that are part of the device tree bindings. The original patch which set up the dtc+cpp include path only considered using those headers from device tree files. However, most are also useful for kernel code which needs to interpret the device tree. In both the DT files and the kernel, I'd like to include the DT-related headers in the same way, for example, <dt-bindings/gpio/tegra-gpio.h>. That will simplify any text which discusses the DT header locations. Creating a <dt-bindings/> for kernel source to use is as simple as placing files into include/dt-bindings/. However, when compiling DT files, the include path should be restricted so that only the dt-bindings path is available; arbitrary kernel headers shouldn't be exposed. For this reason, create a specific include directory for use by dtc+cpp, and symlink dt-bindings from there to the actual location of include/dt-bindings/. For want of a better location, place this "include chroot" into the existing dts/ directory. arch/*/boot/dts/include/dt-bindings -> ../../../../../include/dt-bindings Some headers used by device tree files may not be useful to the kernel; they may be used simply to aid in constructing the DT file (e.g. macros to create a node), but not define any information that the kernel needs to share. These may be placed directly into arch/*/boot/dts/ along with the DT files themselves. Acked-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> Acked-by: Shawn Guo <shawn.guo@linaro.org> Acked-by: Rob Herring <rob.herring@calxeda.com> Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com>
2013-03-15CONFIG_SYMBOL_PREFIX: cleanup.Rusty Russell1-7/+0
We have CONFIG_SYMBOL_PREFIX, which three archs define to the string "_". But Al Viro broke this in "consolidate cond_syscall and SYSCALL_ALIAS declarations" (in linux-next), and he's not the first to do so. Using CONFIG_SYMBOL_PREFIX is awkward, since we usually just want to prefix it so something. So various places define helpers which are defined to nothing if CONFIG_SYMBOL_PREFIX isn't set: 1) include/asm-generic/unistd.h defines __SYMBOL_PREFIX. 2) include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h defines VMLINUX_SYMBOL(sym) 3) include/linux/export.h defines MODULE_SYMBOL_PREFIX. 4) include/linux/kernel.h defines SYMBOL_PREFIX (which differs from #7) 5) kernel/modsign_certificate.S defines ASM_SYMBOL(sym) 6) scripts/modpost.c defines MODULE_SYMBOL_PREFIX 7) scripts/Makefile.lib defines SYMBOL_PREFIX on the commandline if CONFIG_SYMBOL_PREFIX is set, so that we have a non-string version for pasting. (arch/h8300/include/asm/linkage.h defines SYMBOL_NAME(), too). Let's solve this properly: 1) No more generic prefix, just CONFIG_HAVE_UNDERSCORE_SYMBOL_PREFIX. 2) Make linux/export.h usable from asm. 3) Define VMLINUX_SYMBOL() and VMLINUX_SYMBOL_STR(). 4) Make everyone use them. Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Reviewed-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Tested-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> (metag)
2013-02-13kbuild: limit dtc+cpp include pathStephen Warren1-2/+6
Device tree source files may now include header files. The intent is that those header files define/name constants used as part of the DT bindings. Currently this feature is open to abuse, since any kernel header file at all can be included, This could allow device tree files to become dependant on kernel headers files, and thus make them no longer OS-independent. This would also prevent separating the device tree source files from the kernel repository. Solve this by limiting the cpp include path for device tree files to separate directories. Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Signed-off-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
2013-02-08kbuild: create a rule to run the pre-processor on *.dts filesStephen Warren1-0/+10
Create cmd_dtc_cpp to run the C pre-processor on *.dts file before passing them to dtc for final compilation. This allows the use of #define and #include within the .dts file. Acked-by: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org> Acked-by: Jean-Christophe PLAGNIOL-VILLARD <plagnioj@jcrosoft.com> Acked-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> Acked-by: Srinivas Kandagatla <srinivas.kandagatla@st.com> Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Signed-off-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
2012-11-30kbuild: centralize .dts->.dtb ruleStephen Warren1-0/+3
All architectures that use cmd_dtc do so in almost the same way. Create a central build rule to avoid duplication. The one difference is that most current uses of dtc build $(obj)/%.dtb from $(src)/dts/%.dts rather than building the .dtb in the same directory as the .dts file. This difference will be eliminated arch-by-arch in future patches. MIPS is the exception here; it already uses the exact same rule as the new common rule, so the duplicate is removed in this patch to avoid any conflict. arch/mips changes courtesy of Ralf Baechle. Update Documentation/kbuild to remove the explicit call to cmd_dtc from the example, now that the rule exists in a centralized location. Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org Cc: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net> Cc: Russell King <linux@arm.linux.org.uk> Acked-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@southpole.se> Cc: linux@lists.openrisc.net Cc: Aurelien Jacquiot <a-jacquiot@ti.com> Cc: linux-c6x-dev@linux-c6x.org Cc: Mark Salter <msalter@redhat.com> Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu> Cc: microblaze-uclinux@itee.uq.edu.au Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net> Cc: linux-xtensa@linux-xtensa.org Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Signed-off-by: Rob Herring <rob.herring@calxeda.com>
2012-03-26Kbuild: centralize MKIMAGE and cmd_uimage definitionsStephen Warren1-0/+24
All ARCHs have the same definition of MKIMAGE. Move it to Makefile.lib to avoid duplication. All ARCHs have similar definitions of cmd_uimage. Place a sufficiently parameterized version in Makefile.lib to avoid duplication. Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@wwwdotorg.org> Acked-by: Nicolas Pitre <nico@linaro.org> Tested-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org> [Blackfin] Tested-by: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu> [Microblaze] Tested-by: Guan Xuetao <gxt@mprc.pku.edu.cn> [unicore32] Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2012-01-15Kbuild: Use dtc's -d (dependency) optionStephen Warren1-1/+1
This hooks dtc into Kbuild's dependency system. Thus, for example, "make dtbs" will rebuild tegra-harmony.dtb if only tegra20.dtsi has changed yet tegra-harmony.dts has not. The previous lack of this feature recently caused me to have very confusing "git bisect" results. For ARM, it's obvious what to add to $(targets). I'm not familiar enough with other architectures to know what to add there. Powerpc appears to already add various .dtb files into $(targets), but the other archs may need something added to $(targets) to work. Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Acked-by: Shawn Guo <shawn.guo@linaro.org> [mmarek: Dropped arch/c6x part to avoid merging commits from the middle of the merge window] Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2012-01-09kbuild: Fix comment in Makefile.libMichal Marek1-3/+3
KBUILD_MODNAME is not defined for files that are linked into multiple modules, and trying to change reality to match documentation would result in all sorts of trouble. E.g. options for built-in modules would be called either foo_bar.param, foo.param, or bar.param, depending on the configuration. So just change the comment. Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2011-08-31kbuild: prevent make from deleting _shipped filesPeter Foley1-0/+4
commit 7373f4f (kbuild: add implicit rules for parser generation) created a implicit rule chain (%.c: %.c_shipped: %.y). Make considers the _shipped files to be intermediate files which causes them to be deleted if they didn't exist before make was run. Mark the _shipped files PRECIOUS to prevent make from deleting them. Signed-off-by: Peter Foley <pefoley2@verizon.net> Acked-by: Arnaud Lacombe <lacombar@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2011-06-09kbuild: simplify the %_shipped ruleArnaud Lacombe1-1/+1
This is needed to have make(1) correctly link the implicit rules which generate the _shipped file from the lexer/parser to the final file. Signed-off-by: Arnaud Lacombe <lacombar@gmail.com>
2011-06-09kbuild: add implicit rules for parser generationArnaud Lacombe1-0/+38
Cc: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au> Cc: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Arnaud Lacombe <lacombar@gmail.com>
2011-04-18kbuild: Call gzip with -nMichal Marek1-1/+1
The timestamps recorded in the .gz files add no value. Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2011-01-13decompressors: add XZ decompressor moduleLasse Collin1-0/+28
In userspace, the .lzma format has become mostly a legacy file format that got superseded by the .xz format. Similarly, LZMA Utils was superseded by XZ Utils. These patches add support for XZ decompression into the kernel. Most of the code is as is from XZ Embedded <http://tukaani.org/xz/embedded.html>. It was written for the Linux kernel but is usable in other projects too. Advantages of XZ over the current LZMA code in the kernel: - Nice API that can be used by other kernel modules; it's not limited to kernel, initramfs, and initrd decompression. - Integrity check support (CRC32) - BCJ filters improve compression of executable code on certain architectures. These together with LZMA2 can produce a few percent smaller kernel or Squashfs images than plain LZMA without making the decompression slower. This patch: Add the main decompression code (xz_dec), testing module (xz_dec_test), wrapper script (xz_wrap.sh) for the xz command line tool, and documentation. The xz_dec module is enough to have a usable XZ decompressor e.g. for Squashfs. Signed-off-by: Lasse Collin <lasse.collin@tukaani.org> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Alain Knaff <alain@knaff.lu> Cc: Albin Tonnerre <albin.tonnerre@free-electrons.com> Cc: Phillip Lougher <phillip@lougher.demon.co.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2010-12-24of: Add support for linking device tree blobs into vmlinuxDirk Brandewie1-0/+23
This patch adds support for linking device tree blob(s) into vmlinux. Modifies asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h to add linking .dtb sections into vmlinux. To maintain compatiblity with the of/fdt driver code platforms MUST copy the blob to a non-init memory location before the kernel frees the .init.* sections in the image. Modifies scripts/Makefile.lib to add a kbuild command to compile DTS files to device tree blobs and a rule to create objects to wrap the blobs for linking. STRUCT_ALIGNMENT is defined in vmlinux.lds.h for use in the rule to create wrapper objects for the dtb in Makefile.lib. The STRUCT_ALIGN() macro in vmlinux.lds.h is modified to use the STRUCT_ALIGNMENT definition. The DTB's are placed on 32 byte boundries to allow parsing the blob with driver/of/fdt.c during early boot without having to copy the blob to get the structure alignment GCC expects. A DTB is linked in by adding the DTB object to the list of objects to be linked into vmlinux in the archtecture specific Makefile using obj-y += foo.dtb.o Signed-off-by: Dirk Brandewie <dirk.brandewie@gmail.com> Acked-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> [grant.likely@secretlab.ca: cleaned up whitespace inconsistencies] Signed-off-by: Grant Likely <grant.likely@secretlab.ca>
2010-10-29Merge branch 'kbuild' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-1/+3
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mmarek/kbuild-2.6 * 'kbuild' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mmarek/kbuild-2.6: initramfs: Fix build break on symbol-prefixed archs initramfs: fix initramfs size calculation initramfs: generalize initramfs_data.xxx.S variants scripts/kallsyms: Enable error messages while hush up unnecessary warnings scripts/setlocalversion: update comment kbuild: Use a single clean rule for kernel and external modules kbuild: Do not run make clean in $(srctree) scripts/mod/modpost.c: fix commentary accordingly to last changes kbuild: Really don't clean bounds.h and asm-offsets.h
2010-10-29initramfs: Fix build break on symbol-prefixed archsMike Frysinger1-1/+3
Signed-off-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier.adi@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2010-09-23jump label: Convert dynamic debug to use jump labelsJason Baron1-10/+1
Convert the 'dynamic debug' infrastructure to use jump labels. Signed-off-by: Jason Baron <jbaron@redhat.com> LKML-Reference: <b77627358cea3e27d7be4386f45f66219afb8452.1284733808.git.jbaron@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2010-06-01Merge branch 'for-35' of git://repo.or.cz/linux-kbuildLinus Torvalds1-1/+1
* 'for-35' of git://repo.or.cz/linux-kbuild: (81 commits) kbuild: Revert part of e8d400a to resolve a conflict kbuild: Fix checking of scm-identifier variable gconfig: add support to show hidden options that have prompts menuconfig: add support to show hidden options which have prompts gconfig: remove show_debug option gconfig: remove dbg_print_ptype() and dbg_print_stype() kconfig: fix zconfdump() kconfig: some small fixes add random binaries to .gitignore kbuild: Include gen_initramfs_list.sh and the file list in the .d file kconfig: recalc symbol value before showing search results .gitignore: ignore *.lzo files headerdep: perlcritic warning scripts/Makefile.lib: Align the output of LZO kbuild: Generate modules.builtin in make modules_install Revert "kbuild: specify absolute paths for cscope" kbuild: Do not unnecessarily regenerate modules.builtin headers_install: use local file handles headers_check: fix perl warnings export_report: fix perl warnings ...
2010-04-07x86: Add optimized popcnt variantsBorislav Petkov1-0/+4
Add support for the hardware version of the Hamming weight function, popcnt, present in CPUs which advertize it under CPUID, Function 0x0000_0001_ECX[23]. On CPUs which don't support it, we fallback to the default lib/hweight.c sw versions. A synthetic benchmark comparing popcnt with __sw_hweight64 showed almost a 3x speedup on a F10h machine. Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <borislav.petkov@amd.com> LKML-Reference: <20100318112015.GC11152@aftab> Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
2010-03-11scripts/Makefile.lib: Align the output of LZOWu Zhangjin1-1/+1
The output of LZO is not aligned with the other output: ... CC drivers/usb/mon/usbmon.mod.o LZO arch/mips/boot/compressed/vmlinux.lzo ... This patch fixes it. Signed-off-by: Wu Zhangjin <wuzhangjin@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2010-01-13kbuild: really fix bzImage build with non-bash shJonathan Nieder1-2/+7
In an x86 build with CONFIG_KERNEL_LZMA enabled and dash as sh, arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin.lzma ends with '\xf0\x7d\x39\x00' (16 bytes) instead of the 4 bytes intended and the resulting vmlinuz fails to boot. This improves on the previous behavior, in which the file contained the characters '-ne ' as well, but not by much. Previous commits replaced "echo -ne" first with "/bin/echo -ne", then "printf" in the hope of improving portability, but none of these commands is guaranteed to support hexadecimal escapes on POSIX systems. So use the shell to convert from hexadecimal to octal. With this change, an LZMA-compressed kernel built with dash as sh boots correctly again. Reported-by: Sebastian Dalfuß <sd@sedf.de> Reported-by: Oliver Hartkopp <oliver@hartkopp.net> Reported-by: Michael Guntsche <mike@it-loops.com> Signed-off-by: Jonathan Nieder <jrnieder@gmail.com> Cc: Michael Tokarev <mjt@tls.msk.ru> Cc: Alek Du <alek.du@intel.com> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2010-01-11lib: add support for LZO-compressed kernelsAlbin Tonnerre1-0/+5
This patch series adds generic support for creating and extracting LZO-compressed kernel images, as well as support for using such images on the x86 and ARM architectures, and support for creating and using LZO-compressed initrd and initramfs images. Russell King said: : Testing on a Cortex A9 model: : - lzo decompressor is 65% of the time gzip takes to decompress a kernel : - lzo kernel is 9% larger than a gzip kernel : : which I'm happy to say confirms your figures when comparing the two. : : However, when comparing your new gzip code to the old gzip code: : - new is 99% of the size of the old code : - new takes 42% of the time to decompress than the old code : : What this means is that for a proper comparison, the results get even better: : - lzo is 7.5% larger than the old gzip'd kernel image : - lzo takes 28% of the time that the old gzip code took : : So the expense seems definitely worth the effort. The only reason I : can think of ever using gzip would be if you needed the additional : compression (eg, because you have limited flash to store the image.) : : I would argue that the default for ARM should therefore be LZO. This patch: The lzo compressor is worse than gzip at compression, but faster at extraction. Here are some figures for an ARM board I'm working on: Uncompressed size: 3.24Mo gzip 1.61Mo 0.72s lzo 1.75Mo 0.48s So for a compression ratio that is still relatively close to gzip, it's much faster to extract, at least in that case. This part contains: - Makefile routine to support lzo compression - Fixes to the existing lzo compressor so that it can be used in compressed kernels - wrapper around the existing lzo1x_decompress, as it only extracts one block at a time, while we need to extract a whole file here - config dialog for kernel compression [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: cleanup] Signed-off-by: Albin Tonnerre <albin.tonnerre@free-electrons.com> Tested-by: Wu Zhangjin <wuzhangjin@gmail.com> Acked-by: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Tested-by: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk> Acked-by: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2009-12-17Merge branch 'for-33' of git://repo.or.cz/linux-kbuildLinus Torvalds1-1/+1
* 'for-33' of git://repo.or.cz/linux-kbuild: (29 commits) net: fix for utsrelease.h moving to generated gen_init_cpio: fixed fwrite warning kbuild: fix make clean after mismerge kbuild: generate modules.builtin genksyms: properly consider EXPORT_UNUSED_SYMBOL{,_GPL}() score: add asm/asm-offsets.h wrapper unifdef: update to upstream revision 1.190 kbuild: specify absolute paths for cscope kbuild: create include/generated in silentoldconfig scripts/package: deb-pkg: use fakeroot if available scripts/package: add KBUILD_PKG_ROOTCMD variable scripts/package: tar-pkg: use tar --owner=root Kbuild: clean up marker net: add net_tstamp.h to headers_install kbuild: move utsrelease.h to include/generated kbuild: move autoconf.h to include/generated drop explicit include of autoconf.h kbuild: move compile.h to include/generated kbuild: drop include/asm kbuild: do not check for include/asm-$ARCH ... Fixed non-conflicting clean merge of modpost.c as per comments from Stephen Rothwell (modpost.c had grown an include of linux/autoconf.h that needed to be changed to generated/autoconf.h)
2009-12-15module: make MODULE_SYMBOL_PREFIX into a CONFIG optionAlan Jenkins1-0/+5
The next commit will require the use of MODULE_SYMBOL_PREFIX in .tmp_exports-asm.S. Currently it is mixed in with C structure definitions in "asm/module.h". Move the definition of this arch option into Kconfig, so it can be easily accessed by any code. This also lets modpost.c use the same definition. Previously modpost relied on a hardcoded list of architectures in mk_elfconfig.c. A build test for blackfin, one of the two MODULE_SYMBOL_PREFIX archs, showed the generated code was unchanged. vmlinux was identical save for build ids, and an apparently randomized suffix on a single "__key" symbol in the kallsyms data). Signed-off-by: Alan Jenkins <alan-jenkins@tuffmail.co.uk> Acked-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org> (blackfin) CC: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
2009-12-12kbuild: fix bzImage build for x86Michael Tokarev1-1/+1
As has been discussed previously (and Sam has been CC'ed), the fix is still incorrect. It replaces "echo -ne" with "/bin/echo -ne", but neither of the two are guaranteed to support the necessary arguments and necessary (hexadecimal) escape sequences. What should be used here is printf(1). The trivial patch below (on top of these kbuild changes) fixes this issue. Signed-Off-By: Michael Tokarev <mjt@tls.msk.ru> Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2009-10-12kbuild: Fix size_append issue for bzip2/lzma kernelAlek Du1-1/+1
The Makefile.lib will call "echo -ne" to append uncompressed kernel size to bzip2/lzma kernel image. The "echo" here depends on the shell that /bin/sh pointing to. On Ubuntu system, the /bin/sh is pointing to dash, which does not support "echo -e" at all. Use /bin/echo instead of shell echo should always be safe. Signed-off-by: Alek Du <alek.du@intel.com> Acked-by: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
2009-06-19gcov: add gcov profiling infrastructurePeter Oberparleiter1-0/+11
Enable the use of GCC's coverage testing tool gcov [1] with the Linux kernel. gcov may be useful for: * debugging (has this code been reached at all?) * test improvement (how do I change my test to cover these lines?) * minimizing kernel configurations (do I need this option if the associated code is never run?) The profiling patch incorporates the following changes: * change kbuild to include profiling flags * provide functions needed by profiling code * present profiling data as files in debugfs Note that on some architectures, enabling gcc's profiling option "-fprofile-arcs" for the entire kernel may trigger compile/link/ run-time problems, some of which are caused by toolchain bugs and others which require adjustment of architecture code. For this reason profiling the entire kernel is initially restricted to those architectures for which it is known to work without changes. This restriction can be lifted once an architecture has been tested and found compatible with gcc's profiling. Profiling of single files or directories is still available on all platforms (see config help text). [1] http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Gcov.html Signed-off-by: Peter Oberparleiter <oberpar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Huang Ying <ying.huang@intel.com> Cc: Li Wei <W.Li@Sun.COM> Cc: Michael Ellerman <michaele@au1.ibm.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Heiko Carstens <heicars2@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <mschwid2@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Cc: Jeff Dike <jdike@addtoit.com> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2009-06-11Merge branch 'x86-kbuild-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-7/+21
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip * 'x86-kbuild-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/linux-2.6-tip: (46 commits) x86, boot: add new generated files to the appropriate .gitignore files x86, boot: correct the calculation of ZO_INIT_SIZE x86-64: align __PHYSICAL_START, remove __KERNEL_ALIGN x86, boot: correct sanity checks in boot/compressed/misc.c x86: add extension fields for bootloader type and version x86, defconfig: update kernel position parameters x86, defconfig: update to current, no material changes x86: make CONFIG_RELOCATABLE the default x86: default CONFIG_PHYSICAL_START and CONFIG_PHYSICAL_ALIGN to 16 MB x86: document new bzImage fields x86, boot: make kernel_alignment adjustable; new bzImage fields x86, boot: remove dead code from boot/compressed/head_*.S x86, boot: use LOAD_PHYSICAL_ADDR on 64 bits x86, boot: make symbols from the main vmlinux available x86, boot: determine compressed code offset at compile time x86, boot: use appropriate rep string for move and clear x86, boot: zero EFLAGS on 32 bits x86, boot: set up the decompression stack as early as possible x86, boot: straighten out ranges to copy/zero in compressed/head*.S x86, boot: stylistic cleanups for boot/compressed/head_64.S ... Fixed trivial conflict in arch/x86/configs/x86_64_defconfig manually
2009-05-09kbuild: allow compressors (gzip, bzip2, lzma) to take multiple inputsH. Peter Anvin1-7/+21
Allow the compression commands in Kbuild (i.e. gzip, bzip2, lzma) to take multiple input files and emit the concatenated compressed output. This avoids an intermediate step when a kernel image is built from multiple components, such as the relocatable x86-32 kernel. Sam Ravnborg integrated the bin_size script into the Makefile. [ Impact: new build feature, not yet used ] Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com> Acked-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
2009-04-19kbuild: introduce subdir-ccflags-ySam Ravnborg1-2/+7
Following patch introduce support for setting options to gcc that has effect for current directory and all subdirectories. The typical use case are an architecture or a subsystem that decide to cover all files with -Werror. Today alpha, mips and sparc uses -Werror in almost all their Makefile- with subdir-ccflag-y it is now simpler to do so as only the top-level directories needs to be covered. Likewise if we decide to cover a full subsystem such as net/ with -Werror this is done by adding a single line to net/Makefile. Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com> Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2009-03-27Merge branch 'core/percpu' into percpu-cpumask-x86-for-linus-2Ingo Molnar1-0/+14
Conflicts: arch/parisc/kernel/irq.c arch/x86/include/asm/fixmap_64.h arch/x86/include/asm/setup.h kernel/irq/handle.c Semantic merge: arch/x86/include/asm/fixmap.h Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
2009-03-25dynamic debug: combine dprintk and dynamic printkJason Baron1-1/+1
This patch combines Greg Bank's dprintk() work with the existing dynamic printk patchset, we are now calling it 'dynamic debug'. The new feature of this patchset is a richer /debugfs control file interface, (an example output from my system is at the bottom), which allows fined grained control over the the debug output. The output can be controlled by function, file, module, format string, and line number. for example, enabled all debug messages in module 'nf_conntrack': echo -n 'module nf_conntrack +p' > /mnt/debugfs/dynamic_debug/control to disable them: echo -n 'module nf_conntrack -p' > /mnt/debugfs/dynamic_debug/control A further explanation can be found in the documentation patch. Signed-off-by: Greg Banks <gnb@sgi.com> Signed-off-by: Jason Baron <jbaron@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>